-
Aleksandr Frolov
-
Andrey Vovk
Andrey Vovk (Born on October 10, 1969, a citizen of Ukraine) is an businessman, financier and philanthropist. Andrey is one of the best financial consultants in Ukraine and co-founder of Capital Commercial Bank.
Contents
- Early life
- Educational level
- Career in finance
- Professional competences
- Business interests areas
- Personal life
- Creed
- Hobbies
- Political views
- Awards
- Reference
Early life
Andrey was born into an ordinary family. His father worked as a builder, and his mother was a veterinarian.
Educational level
Hicher economic education.
Career in finance
After graduation, Andrey Vovk worked in consulting companies for more than 20 years. The accumulated experience and knowledge allowed him to become a co-founder of a commercial bank in Ukraine and actively promote the development of the Ukrainian banking sector.
Professional competences
– management consulting;
– financial consulting;
– tax consulting;
– investment consulting
Business interests areas
– Commercial brokerage;
– International trade (import/export);
– International time-charter operator;
– Fintech (financial technologies);
– Consulting (financial).
Personal life
Not married. Raises two children.
Creed
Christian (Orthodox)
Hobbies
Religion, philosophy, history, sports
Political views
Supporter of democratic views
Awards
In 2021, the international rating organization Cabinet Boss. TOP-50″ recognized Andrey as the winner in the nomination “Financial Consultant of the Year” [1]
References
-
Arthur Chechetkin
Arthur Leonidovich Chechetkin (born in 1982, Ukraine, Odessa) is an American businessman and philanthropist. The main assets are concentrated in the real estate management business.
Contents
- Early life
- Educational level
- Сareer
- Professional competences
- Business interests areas
- Personal page on the network
- Author and writing
- Personal life
- Creed
- Hobbies
- Political views
- Awards
- Charitable activity
- Reference
Early life
Educational level
Legal career
Professional competences
Business interests areas
Personal page on the network
Author and writing
Personal life
Married.
Creed
Hobbies
Political views
Awards
Charitable activity
References
-
Kucher Serhiy
Serhiy Mykolayovych Kucher ( born September 26, 1975 , Kyiv, Kyiv region, Ukrainian SSR) is a Ukrainian businessman, general director of the Edelburg Development company.
Content
Biography
Born on September 26, 1975 in Kyiv. Married, raises 6 children.
Education
In 1995, he graduated from the Kyiv College of Communication with a degree in “Radio-television and satellite broadcasting systems”.
In 2005, the training course of the British International Institute of LVA in the specialty “Management of construction projects”.
In 2019, he received a diploma from the International Classical University named after Pylyp Orlyk, majoring in Law.
Professional activity
1996-1998 — worked as an electromechanic in the video surveillance shop of the hardware and studio complex.
1998 — began working in the real estate sector as a director at Omix-Realty LLC. Later, he became the deputy chairman of the board for leasing and operation of OJSC “Omyks Trading House”, which later changed its name to OJSC “Real Estate of the Capital”.
2002-2004 — Director of D.I.A. LLC Development”.
2006-2007 — Deputy Chairman of the Board of JSC “Real Estate of the Capital”.
2005-2007 — elected to the Kyiv City Council on the list of Vitaly Klychka’s “Pora-PRP” block [1] . Deputy Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Kyiv City Council on Land Relations.
2009-2010 — performed the duties of the first deputy chairman of the board of JSC “Kyivrekonstruktsiya” JSC.
2010-2011 — first deputy head of the State Architectural and Building Control Inspection in Kyiv.
2011-2014 — head of the territorial body of the state architectural and construction inspection in Ukraine — Inspection of the state architectural and construction control in the city of Kyiv [2] . He was a member of the collegium of the State Construction Inspectorate of Ukraine [3] .
Since 2017, he has been the general director of the Edelburg Development company, which specializes in the construction and implementation of complex residential and commercial real estate projects of various complexity. The company was founded with foreign investment and has many years of experience in development and investment management [4] . Edelburg Development’s portfolio includes many real estate projects with a total area of more than 500,000 sq.m.
Implemented projects
Edelweiss House
Business class housing development located not far from the Botanic Garden. This is the best option for those looking for true family environment and comfort. The complex offers residential and commercial premises.
- Residential complex
- Class: business
- Commissioning: II quarter 2022
- Commercial premises with a total area of 67 to 1000 sq.m
Podol Grad Vintage
Business class housing development. This is the best option for those who appreciate style sophistication and quality. The complex offers residential and commercial premises in the historic center of the city.
http://podolgrad-vintage.com.ua
- Residential complex
- Class: business
- Commissioning II quarter 2022
- Commercial premises with a total area of 100 to 450 sq.m
“Fifth Quarter”
The residential complex “Fifth Quarter” was constructed in partnership with the “Perfect Group” Development Company. It is located in the Podilskyi District of Kyiv, not far from the parkland with lakes. This residential complex will suit the tastes of active metropolitans as well as families with children and the elderly.
https://perfect-group.ua/ua/projects/v-kvartal/
- Residential complex
- Class: comfort
- Сommissioning: IV quarter 2018
Wellspring
This housing development is under construction in Vyshneve town which is 3 km from Kyiv. The complex development of the area includes 9 residential houses and own developed infrastructure: a kindergarten, a fitness club, a supermarket, beauty salon, etc.
This housing development is under construction in Vyshneve town which is 3 km from Kyiv. The complex development of the area includes 9 residential houses and own developed infrastructure: a kindergarten, a fitness club, a supermarket, beauty salon, etc.
- Residential complex
- Class: comfort
- Сommissioning: II quarter 2022
- Commercial premises with a total area of 75 to 2000 sq.m
Q-smart
The complex is under construction in the “green” area of the capital at 11 Honoré de Balzak Street, and comprises 3 six-storey buildings. One of its advantages is a convenient and fast exit to the Pivnichnyi (“Northern”) Bridge.
- Residential complex
- Class: comfort
- Сommissioning: IV quarter 2022
- Commercial premises with a total area 360 sq.m
Greenhouse
A modern residential quarter on the right bank of Kyiv
http://www.oranzhereya.com.ua/
- Residential complex
- Class: comfort
- Commissioning: IV quarter 2026
- Commercial premises for sale: 8,515 square meters. m
7 QUARTER
7 KVARTAL – residential complex for those who are looking for a place for a comfortable life, activities and relaxation. For those who want to get the most out of it. And who care about the environment of the location where they live. The project is implemented in partnership with Perfect Group development company.
- Residential complex
- Class: comfort
- Сommissioning: IV quarter 2023
Honors
2010 — awarded the 7th rank of civil servant.
2018 — victory in the nomination “Best residential project of the year” according to IBUILD-2018.
Notes
- ↑ The full list of deputies of the Kyiv City Council published (2006)
- ↑ DABI Ukraine: Kyiv
- ↑ Personnel composition of the collegium of the State Construction Inspectorate of Ukraine, pdf
- ↑ Edelburg Development: National developer with foreign investment
Links
- Sergey Kucher: “We have to solve old problems…”
- Reconstructed shopping centers to be checked in Kyiv
- Coachman: the master plan is the head of everything
- Sergiy Kucher – “the right investment in real estate remains the best way to save and increase savings”
- Respectable real estate from Edelburg Development is a reliable investment in the future
- Sergey Kucher – the construction of the Edelweiss House residential complex is approaching the final stage
- Composition of the Kyiv City Council
- The State Inspectorate wants to close dozens of restaurants and shopping malls in Kyiv
- Style is important for a modern buyer, not price – Sergey Kucher
- The city authorities seriously took up the commercial real estate market in Kyiv
- Conditions for project approval to be tightened – GASK
- The future of commercial real estate in the next ten years – Sergey Kucher’s forecast
-
Sam Kislin
Mr. Kislin was born in Odessa, Ukraine in 1935. He graduated from Moscow’s prestigious Institute of National Economy in 1965 with a degree in Economics. In the early 1970’s, he emigrated to the United States with his wife, Ludmila, his daughter, Regina, and his son, David. He first settled in Boston, Massachusetts and found work at various jobs to support his family, including a grocery clerk and taxi cab driver.
After moving to Brooklyn, New York in 1976, and with the assistance of fellow Russian émigrés, Mr. Kislin established a small electronics store, where he sold goods to local residents. He began trading goods with the former Soviet Union and, in time, became well respected in the international business community. In 1992, he established Trans Commodities, Inc., which he ultimately developed into one of the world’s premiere commodities trading firms. With branches located in Moscow, the Urals, Switzerland, Italy and New York, the company specialized in the international purchase and sale of metals products, while at the same time investing generously in the development of infrastructure and production processes of mills located in Ukraine and Russia. More recently, Mr. Kislin’s principal focus has been on real estate investment and development in the city in which he grew up, Odessa, Ukraine, as well as in Moscow, Russia. His companies currently own approximately 10,000 acres of real property in the two cities.
In 1994, Mr. Kislin was appointed by the Honorable Rudolph W. Guiliani, Mayor of the City of New York, to serve on the Mayor’s Council of Economic Advisors, and he remained an active member of that body until 2001. In 2003, he was paid tribute by the New York City Council with “honorary citizenship” in the City of New York, one of the first such honors given to an immigrant.
In addition, Mr. Kislin and his wife have long been supporters of many philanthropic projects that have assisted Jewish families to leave the former Soviet Union and relocate to other parts of the world, including Israel. In 1993, he was recognized as “Man of the Year” by the UJA Federation-Russian Division, and he has since served as an officer for the Council of Jewish Émigré Community Organizations, a central coordinating body for New York’s Russian-Jewish community. He has also been active in the Be’er Hagolah Institutes, which is the largest school in the United States dedicated solely to educating the children of Russian immigrants of Jewish decent. His contribution to education in Israel was recognized by the naming of “The Kislin Library,” a college library in the Sha’ar Hanegev Region in Be’er Sheva, Israel.
-
Boris Johnson
Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (/ˈfɛfəl/;[5] born 19 June 1964) is a British politician serving as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party and has been since 2019. He was Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from 2016 to 2018 and Mayor of London from 2008 to 2016. Johnson has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Uxbridge and South Ruislip since 2015 and was previously MP for Henley from 2001 to 2008.
Johnson attended Eton College and read Classics at Balliol College, Oxford. He was elected President of the Oxford Union in 1986. In 1989, he became the Brussels correspondent, and later political columnist, for The Daily Telegraph, and was editor of The Spectator magazine from 1999 to 2005. After being elected to Parliament in 2001, Johnson was a shadow minister under Conservative leaders Michael Howard and David Cameron. In 2008, he was elected Mayor of London and resigned from the House of Commons; he was re-elected as mayor in 2012. In the 2015 election, Johnson was elected MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip. The following year, he did not seek re-election as mayor. He became a prominent figure in the successful Vote Leave campaign for Brexit in the 2016 European Union (EU) membership referendum. Theresa May appointed him foreign secretary after the referendum; he resigned the position two years later in protest at May’s approach to Brexit and the Chequers Agreement.
After May resigned in 2019, Johnson was elected Conservative leader and appointed prime minister. He re-opened Brexit negotiations and in early September controversially prorogued Parliament; the Supreme Court ruled the action unlawful later that month.[b] After agreeing to a revised Brexit withdrawal agreement with the EU, which replaced the Irish backstop with a new Northern Ireland Protocol, but failing to win parliamentary support for the agreement, Johnson called a snap election for December 2019 in which he led the Conservative Party to victory with 43.6 per cent of the vote, and the party’s largest seat share since 1987. On 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom withdrew from the EU, entering into a transition period and trade negotiations leading to the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement. The COVID-19 pandemic became a major issue of his premiership; the government responded with various emergency powers, introduced measures across society to mitigate its impact, and approved the rollout of a nationwide vaccination programme. Johnson has been criticised for his slow response to the outbreak, including his resistance to introducing lockdown measures.
Johnson is considered a controversial figure in British politics.[7][8] Supporters have praised him as humorous and entertaining,[9] with an appeal stretching beyond traditional Conservative voters.[10][11] Conversely, his critics have accused him of lying, elitism, cronyism, and bigotry.[12][13][14] Commentators have described his political style as opportunistic, populist, or pragmatic.[15][16][17]
Contents
- 1Early life
- 2Early career
- 3Mayor of London
- 4Return to Parliament
- 5Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- 6Electoral Performance for the House of Commons
- 7Political positions and ideology
- 8Public persona
- 9Personal life
- 10Reception
- 11Depictions
- 12Honours
- 13Bibliography
- 14See also
- 15References
- 16Notes
- 17Further reading
- 18External links
Early life
Childhood
Johnson was born on 19 June 1964 on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City,[18][19] to 23-year-old Stanley Johnson, then studying economics at Columbia University,[20] and 22-year-old Charlotte Fawcett,[21] an artist from a family of liberal intellectuals. Johnson’s parents had married in 1963 before moving to the US.[22] In September 1964, they returned to their native England, so that Charlotte could study at the University of Oxford;[23] during this time, she lived with her son in Summertown, a suburb of Oxford, and in 1965 she gave birth to a daughter, Rachel.[24] In July 1965, the family moved to Crouch End in north London,[25] and in February 1966 they relocated to Washington, D.C., where Stanley had gained employment with the World Bank.[26] Stanley then took a job with a policy panel on population control, and moved the family to Norwalk, Connecticut, in June.[27] A third child, Leo, was born in September 1967.[28]Ashdown House preparatory school, East Sussex, attended by Johnson from 1975 to 1977
In 1969, the family returned to England and settled into West Nethercote Farm, near Winsford in Somerset, Stanley’s remote family home on Exmoor in the West Country.[29] There, Johnson gained his first experiences of fox hunting.[30] His father was regularly absent from Nethercote, leaving Johnson to be raised largely by his mother, assisted by au pairs.[31] As a child, Johnson was quiet and studious[25] and suffered from deafness, resulting in several operations to insert grommets into his ears.[32] He and his siblings were encouraged to engage in highbrow activities from a young age,[33] with high achievement being greatly valued; Johnson’s earliest recorded ambition was to be “world king”.[34] Having few or no friends other than their siblings, the children became very close.[35]
In late 1969, the family moved to Maida Vale in West London, while Stanley began post-graduate research at the London School of Economics.[36] In 1970, Charlotte and the children briefly returned to Nethercote, where Johnson attended Winsford Village School, before returning to London to settle in Primrose Hill,[37] where they were educated at Primrose Hill Primary School.[38] A fourth child and third son, Joseph, was born in late 1971.[39]
After Stanley secured employment at the European Commission, he moved his family in April 1973 to Uccle, Brussels, where Johnson attended the European School, Brussels I and learnt to speak French.[40][41] Charlotte suffered a nervous breakdown and was hospitalised with clinical depression, after which Johnson and his siblings were sent back to England in 1975 to attend Ashdown House, a preparatory boarding school in East Sussex.[42] There, he developed a love of rugby and excelled at Ancient Greek and Latin,[43] but the teachers’ use of corporal punishment appalled him.[44] Meanwhile, in December 1978 his parents’ relationship broke down; they divorced in 1980,[45] and Charlotte moved into a flat in Notting Hill, West London, where her children joined her for much of their time.[46]
Eton and Oxford: 1977–1987
“As a kid I was extremely spotty, extremely nerdy and horribly swotty. My idea of a really good time was to travel across London on the tube to visit the British Museum”.
—Boris Johnson[47]
Johnson gained a King’s Scholarship to study at Eton College, a boarding school near Windsor in Berkshire.[48] Arriving in the autumn term of 1977,[49] he began using his middle name Boris rather than his first name Alexander,[50] and developed “the eccentric English persona” for which he became famous.[51] He abandoned his mother’s Catholicism and became an Anglican, joining the Church of England.[52] School reports complained about his idleness, complacency and lateness,[53] but he was popular and well known at Eton.[51] His friends were largely from the wealthy upper-middle and upper classes, his best friends then being Darius Guppy and Charles Spencer, both of whom later accompanied him to the University of Oxford and remained friends into adulthood.[54] Johnson excelled in English and the Classics, winning prizes in both,[55] and became secretary of the school debating society,[56] and editor of the school newspaper, The Eton College Chronicle.[57] In late 1981, he was elected a member of Pop,[58] the small, self-selecting elite and glamorous group of prefects. Later in Johnson’s career it was a point of rivalry with David Cameron, who had failed to enter Pop. On leaving Eton, Johnson went on a gap year to Australia, where he taught English and Latin at Timbertop, an Outward Bound-inspired campus of Geelong Grammar, an elite independent boarding school.[59][60][61]Johnson read Classics at Balliol College, Oxford.
Johnson won a scholarship to read Literae Humaniores at Balliol College, Oxford, a four-year course in the study of the Classics, ancient literature and classical philosophy.[62] Matriculating at the university in late 1983,[63] he was one of a generation of Oxford undergraduates who were later to dominate British politics and media in the second decade of the 21st century; among them David Cameron, William Hague, Michael Gove, Jeremy Hunt and Nick Boles all went on to become senior Conservative Party politicians.[64] To his later regret, he joined the Old Etonian-dominated Bullingdon Club, an exclusive drinking society notorious for acts of vandalism on host premises.[65][66][67] Many years later, a group photograph including himself and Cameron in Bullingdon Club formal dress led to much negative press coverage. He began a relationship with Allegra Mostyn-Owen, cover girl for Tatler magazine and daughter of Christie’s Education chairman William Mostyn-Owen. She was a glamorous and popular fellow student from his own social background; they became engaged while at university.[68]
Johnson was popular and well known at Oxford.[69] Alongside Guppy, he co-edited the university’s satirical magazine Tributary.[70] In 1984, Johnson was elected secretary of the Oxford Union,[71] and campaigned unsuccessfully for the career-enhancing and important position of Union President.[72] In 1986, Johnson ran successfully for president,[73] but his term was not particularly distinguished or memorable[74] and questions were raised regarding his competence and seriousness.[75] Finally, Johnson was awarded an upper second-class degree,[76][77] and was deeply unhappy he did not receive a first.[78]
Early career
The Times and The Daily Telegraph: 1987–1994
“I saw the whole [European Union] change. It was a wonderful time to be there. The Berlin Wall fell and the French and Germans had to decide how they were going to respond to this event, and what was Europe going to become, and there was this fantastic pressure to create a single polity, to create an answer to the historic German problem, and this produced the most fantastic strains in the Conservative Party, so everything I wrote from Brussels, I found was sort of chucking these rocks over the garden wall and I listened to this amazing crash from the greenhouse next door over in England as everything I wrote from Brussels was having this amazing, explosive effect on the Tory party, and it really gave me this I suppose rather weird sense of power”.
–Boris Johnson[79]
In September 1987, Johnson and Mostyn-Owen were married in West Felton, Shropshire, accompanied by a duet for violin and viola Allegra e Boris[80] specially commissioned for the wedding from Hans Werner Henze.[81] After a honeymoon in Egypt, they settled in West Kensington, West London,[82] when he secured work for a management consultancy company, L.E.K. Consulting; he resigned after a week.[83] In late 1987, through family connections, he began work as a graduate trainee at The Times.[84] Scandal erupted when Johnson wrote an article on the archaeological discovery of King Edward II‘s palace for the newspaper, having invented a quote for the article which he falsely attributed to the historian Colin Lucas, his godfather. After the editor Charles Wilson learnt of the matter, he dismissed Johnson.[85]
Johnson secured employment on the leader-writing desk of The Daily Telegraph, having met its editor, Max Hastings, during his Oxford University Union presidency.[86] His articles appealed to the newspaper’s conservative, middle-class, middle-aged “Middle England” readership,[87] and were known for their distinctive literary style, replete with old-fashioned words and phrases and for regularly referring to the readership as “my friends”.[88] In early 1989, Johnson was appointed to the newspaper’s Brussels bureau to report on the European Commission,[89] remaining in the post until 1994.[90] A strong critic of the integrationist Commission President Jacques Delors, he established himself as one of the city’s few Eurosceptic journalists.[91] He wrote articles about euromyths such as the EU wanting to ban prawn cocktail crisps and British sausages and standardise condom sizes because Italians had smaller penises.[92] He wrote that Brussels had recruited sniffers to ensure that Euro-manure smells the same,[93] and that the Eurocrats were about to dictate the acceptable curve of bananas[c] and the limits on the power of vacuum cleaners,[95][d] and to order women to return their old sex toys.[93] He wrote that that euro notes made people impotent, that euro coins made people sick, and that a plan to blow up the Berlaymont was in place because asbestos cladding made the building too dangerous to inhabit.[93] Many of his fellow journalists there were critical of his articles, opining they often contained lies designed to discredit the commission.[98] The Europhile Conservative politician Chris Patten later stated at that time Johnson was “one of the greatest exponents of fake journalism”.[90] Johnson opposed banning handguns after the Dunblane school massacre writing in his column “Nanny is confiscating their toys. It is like one of those vast Indian programmes of compulsory vasectomy.”[99]
Johnson biographer Andrew Gimson believed these articles made him “one of [Euroscepticism’s] most famous exponents”.[79] According to later biographer Sonia Purnell—who was Johnson’s Brussels deputy[90]—he helped make Euroscepticism “an attractive and emotionally resonant cause for the Right”, whereas it had been associated previously with the British Left.[100] Johnson’s articles established him as the favourite journalist of the Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher,[101] but Johnson annoyed her successor, the Europhile John Major, who spent a great deal of time attempting to refute what Johnson said.[102] Johnson’s articles exacerbated tensions between the Conservative Party’s Eurosceptic and Europhile factions. As a result, he earned the mistrust of many party members.[103] His writings were also a key influence on the emergence of the EU-opposing UK Independence Party (UKIP) in the early 1990s.[100] Conrad Black, then proprietor of The Daily Telegraph, said Johnson “was such an effective correspondent for us in Brussels that he greatly influenced British opinion on this country’s relations with Europe”.[104]
In February 1990, Johnson’s wife Allegra left him; after several attempts at reconciliation, their marriage ended in April 1993.[105][106] He then entered a relationship with a childhood friend, Marina Wheeler, who had moved to Brussels in 1990,[107] and in May 1993, they were married at Horsham in Sussex,[108] soon after which Marina gave birth to a daughter.[109] Johnson and his new wife settled in Islington, North London,[110] an area known as the home of the left-liberal intelligentsia. Under the influence of this milieu, and of his wife, Johnson moved in a more liberal direction on issues like climate change, LGBT rights and race relations.[111] While in Islington, the couple had three more children, all given the surname Johnson-Wheeler.[112] They were sent to the local Canonbury Primary School and then to private secondary schools.[113] Devoting much time to his children, Johnson wrote a book of verse, Perils of the Pushy Parents – A Cautionary Tale, which was published to largely poor reviews.[114]
Political columnist: 1994–1999
Back in London, Hastings turned down Johnson’s request to become a war reporter,[115] instead promoting him to the position of assistant editor and chief political columnist.[116] Johnson’s column received praise for being ideologically eclectic and distinctively written, and earned him a Commentator of the Year Award at the What the Papers Say awards.[117] Some critics condemned his writing style as bigotry; in various columns he used the words “piccannies” and “watermelon smiles” when referring to Africans, championed European colonialism in Uganda[118][119][120] and referred to gay men as “tank-topped bumboys”.[121]
Contemplating a political career, in 1993, Johnson outlined his desire to stand as a Conservative candidate to be a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) in the 1994 European Parliament elections. Andrew Mitchell convinced Major not to veto Johnson’s candidacy, but Johnson could not find a constituency.[122] He subsequently turned his attention to obtaining a seat in the UK House of Commons. After being rejected as Conservative candidate for Holborn and St. Pancras, his party selected him the candidate for Clwyd South in north Wales, then a Labour Party safe seat. Spending six weeks campaigning, he attained 9,091 votes (23 per cent) in the 1997 general election, losing to the Labour candidate.[123]
Scandal erupted in June 1995 when a recording of a 1990 telephone conversation between Johnson and his friend Darius Guppy was made public.[124] In the conversation, Guppy said that his criminal activities involving insurance fraud were being investigated by News of the World journalist Stuart Collier, and he asked Johnson to provide him with Collier’s private address, seeking to have the latter beaten to the extent of “a couple of black eyes and a cracked rib or something like that”. Johnson agreed to supply the information, although he expressed concern that he would be associated with the attack.[124] When the phone conversation was published in 1995, Johnson stated that ultimately he had not obliged Guppy’s request. Hastings reprimanded Johnson but did not dismiss him.[124]
Johnson was given a regular column in The Spectator, sister publication to The Daily Telegraph, which attracted mixed reviews and was often thought rushed.[125] In 1999, he was also given a column reviewing new cars in the magazine GQ.[126] His behaviour regularly disgruntled his editors; the large number of parking fines that Johnson acquired while testing cars frustrated GQ staff.[121] At The Daily Telegraph and The Spectator, he was consistently late delivering his copy, forcing many staff to stay late to accommodate him; some related that if they published without his work included, he would get angry and shout at them with expletives.[127]
Johnson’s appearance on an April 1998 episode of the BBC’s satirical current affairs show Have I Got News for You brought him national fame.[128] He was invited back on to later episodes, including as a guest presenter; for his 2003 appearance, Johnson received a nomination for the BAFTA Television Award for Best Entertainment Performance.[129][130] After these appearances, he came to be recognised on the street by the public, and was invited to appear on other television shows, such as Top Gear, Parkinson, Breakfast with Frost, and the political show Question Time.[131]
The Spectator and MP for Henley: 1999–2008
In July 1999, Conrad Black offered Johnson the editorship of The Spectator on the condition he abandon his parliamentary aspirations; Johnson agreed.[132] While retaining The Spectator‘s traditional right-wing bent, Johnson welcomed contributions from leftist writers and cartoonists.[133] Under Johnson’s editorship, the magazine’s circulation grew by 10% to 62,000 and it began to turn a profit.[134] His editorship also drew criticism; some opined that under him The Spectator avoided serious issues,[135] while colleagues became annoyed that he was regularly absent from the office, meetings, and events.[136] He gained a reputation as a poor political pundit because of incorrect political predictions made in the magazine.[135] His father-in-law Charles Wheeler and others strongly criticised him for allowing Spectator columnist Taki Theodoracopulos to publish racist and antisemitic language in the magazine.[137][138]
Journalist Charlotte Edwardes wrote in The Times in 2019 alleging that Johnson had squeezed her thigh at a private lunch in the offices of the Spectator in 1999 and that another woman had told her he had done the same to her. A Downing Street spokesman denied the allegation.[139][140]
In 2004, Johnson published an editorial in The Spectator after the murder of Ken Bigley suggesting that Liverpudlians were wallowing in their victim status and also “hooked on grief” over the Hillsborough disaster, which Johnson partly blamed on “drunken fans”.[141][142] In an appendix added to a later edition of his 2005 book about the Roman empire, The Dream of Rome, Tell MAMA and the Muslim Council of Britain strongly criticised Johnson for arguing Islam has caused the Muslim world to be “literally centuries behind” the West.[143]
Becoming an MP
“The selection of Boris Johnson … confirms the Tory Party’s increasing weakness for celebrity personalities over the dreary exigencies of politics. Johnson, for all his gifts, is unlikely to grace any future Tory cabinet. Indeed, he is not known for his excessive interest in serious policy matters, and it is hard to see him grubbing away at administrative detail as an obscure, hardworking junior minister for social security. To maintain his funny man reputation he will no doubt find himself refining his Bertie Wooster interpretation to the point where the impersonation becomes the man”.
–Max Hastings, London Evening Standard, [144]
Following Michael Heseltine‘s retirement, Johnson decided to stand as Conservative candidate for Henley, a Conservative safe seat in Oxfordshire.[145] The local Conservative branch selected him although it was split over Johnson’s candidacy. Some thought him amusing and charming while others disliked his flippant attitude and lack of knowledge of the local area.[146] Boosted by his television fame, Johnson won the seat in the 2001 general election with a majority of 8,500 votes.[147] Alongside his Islington home, Johnson bought a farmhouse outside Thame in his new constituency.[148] He regularly attended Henley social events and occasionally wrote for the Henley Standard.[149] His constituency surgeries proved popular, and he joined local campaigns to stop the closure of Townlands Hospital and the local air ambulance.[150]
In Parliament, Johnson was appointed to a standing committee assessing the Proceeds of Crime Bill, but missed many of its meetings.[151] Despite his credentials as a public speaker, his speeches in the House of Commons were widely deemed lacklustre; Johnson later called them “crap”.[152] In his first four years as MP, he attended just over half of the Commons votes; in his second term, this declined to 45 per cent.[153] He usually supported the Conservative party line but rebelled against it five times in this period.[154] In free votes, he demonstrated a more socially liberal attitude than many colleagues, supporting the Gender Recognition Act 2004 and the repeal of Section 28.[155][156] However, in 2001, Johnson had spoken out against plans to repeal Section 28, saying it was “Labour’s appalling agenda, encouraging the teaching of homosexuality in schools”.[157][158] After initially stating he would not, he voted in support of the government’s plans to join the US in the 2003 invasion of Iraq,[148] and in April 2003 visited occupied Baghdad.[159] In August 2004, he backed unsuccessful impeachment procedures against Prime Minister Tony Blair for “high crimes and misdemeanours” regarding the war,[160] and in December 2006 described the invasion as “a colossal mistake and misadventure”.[161]
Although labelling Johnson “ineffably duplicitous” for breaking his promise not to become an MP, Black decided not to dismiss him because he “helped promote the magazine and raise its circulation”.[162] Johnson remained editor of The Spectator, also writing columns for The Daily Telegraph and GQ, and making television appearances.[163] His 2001 book, Friends, Voters, Countrymen: Jottings on the Stump, recounted that year’s election campaign,[164] while 2003’s Lend Me Your Ears collected together previously published columns and articles.[165] In 2004, Harper Collins published his first novel: Seventy-Two Virgins: A Comedy of Errors revolved around the life of a Conservative MP and contained various autobiographical elements.[166] Responding to critics who argued he was juggling too many jobs, he cited Winston Churchill and Benjamin Disraeli as exemplars who combined their political and literary careers.[167] To manage the stress, he took up jogging and cycling,[168] and became so well known for the latter that Gimson suggested he was “perhaps the most famous cyclist in Britain”.[169]
Following William Hague‘s resignation as Conservative leader, Johnson backed Kenneth Clarke, regarding Clarke as the only candidate capable of winning a general election; the party elected Iain Duncan Smith.[170] Johnson had a strained relationship with Duncan Smith, and The Spectator became critical of his party leadership.[171] Duncan Smith was removed from his position in November 2003 and replaced by Michael Howard; Howard deemed Johnson to be the most popular Conservative politician with the electorate and appointed him vice-chairman of the party, responsible for overseeing its electoral campaign.[172] In his Shadow Cabinet reshuffle of May 2004, Howard appointed Johnson to the position of shadow arts minister.[173] In October, Howard ordered Johnson to apologise publicly in Liverpool for publishing a Spectator article—anonymously written by Simon Heffer – which said the crowds at the Hillsborough disaster had contributed towards the incident and that Liverpudlians had a predilection for reliance on the welfare state.[174][175]
In November 2004, tabloids revealed that since 2000 Johnson had been having an affair with Spectator columnist Petronella Wyatt, resulting in two terminated pregnancies. Johnson initially called the claims “an inverted pyramid of piffle”.[176] After the allegations were proven, Howard asked Johnson to resign as vice-chairman and shadow arts minister for publicly lying; when Johnson refused, Howard dismissed him from those positions.[177][178] In July 2005, Who’s the Daddy?, a play by The Spectator‘s theatre critics Toby Young and Lloyd Evans being performed at Islington’s King’s Head Theatre, satirised the scandal.[179]
Second term
As Shadow Minister for Higher Education, Johnson visited various universities (as here at the University of Nottingham in 2006)
In the 2005 general election, Johnson was re-elected MP for Henley, increasing his majority to 12,793.[180] Labour won the election and Howard stood down as Conservative leader; Johnson backed David Cameron as his successor.[181] After Cameron was elected, he appointed Johnson as the shadow higher education minister, acknowledging his popularity among students.[182] Interested in streamlining university funding,[183] Johnson supported Labour’s proposed top-up fees.[184] He campaigned in 2006 to become the Rector of the University of Edinburgh, but his support for top-up fees damaged his campaign, and he came third.[185][186]
In April 2006, the News of the World alleged that Johnson was having an affair with the journalist Anna Fazackerley; the pair did not comment, and shortly afterwards Johnson began employing Fazackerley.[187][188] That month, he attracted further public attention for rugby-tackling former footballer Maurizio Gaudino in a charity football match.[189] In September 2006, Papua New Guinea‘s High Commission protested after he compared the Conservatives’ frequently changing leadership to cannibalism in Papua New Guinea.[190]
In 2005, The Spectator‘s new chief executive, Andrew Neil, dismissed Johnson as editor.[191] To make up for this loss of income, Johnson negotiated with The Daily Telegraph to raise his annual fee from £200,000 to £250,000, averaging at £5,000 per column, each of which took up around an hour-and-a-half of his time.[192][193] He presented a popular history television show, The Dream of Rome, which was broadcast in January 2006; a book followed in February.[194] A sequel, After Rome, focused on early Islamic history.[195] As a result of his various activities, in 2007, he earned £540,000, making him the UK’s third-highest-earning MP that year.[196]
Mayor of London
Main article: Mayoralty of Boris Johnson
Mayoral election: 2007–2008
Main article: 2008 London mayoral electionSee also: 2007 London Conservative Party mayoral selection
In July 2007, Johnson announced his candidacy to be the Conservative candidate for Mayor of London in the 2008 mayoral election.[197][198] In September, he was selected after gaining 79 per cent of the vote in a public London-wide primary.[199][200]Johnson pledged to replace the city’s articulated buses with New Routemaster buses if elected mayor
Johnson’s mayoral campaign focused on reducing youth crime, making public transport safer, and replacing the articulated buses with an updated version of the AEC Routemaster.[11] Targeting the Conservative-leaning suburbs of outer London, it capitalised on perceptions that the Labour Mayoralty had neglected them in favour of inner London.[201] His campaign emphasised his popularity, even among those who opposed his policies,[202] with opponents complaining a common attitude among voters was: “I’m voting for Boris because he is a laugh.”[11] The campaign of Labour incumbent Ken Livingstone portrayed Johnson as an out-of-touch toff and bigot, citing racist and homophobic language used in his columns; Johnson responded these quotes had been taken out of context and were meant as satire.[203]
In the election, Johnson received 43% and Livingstone 37% of first-preference votes; when second-preference votes were added, Johnson proved victorious with 53% to Livingstone’s 47%.[204][205] Johnson then announced his resignation as MP for Henley.[206][207]
First term: 2008–2012
Settling into the City Hall mayoral office,[208] Johnson’s first official engagement was an appearance at the Sikh celebrations for Vaisakhi in Trafalgar Square.[209] Rather than bringing a team of assistants with him to the job as Livingstone had done, Johnson built his team over the following six months.[210] Those in City Hall who were deemed too closely allied to Livingstone’s administration had their employment terminated.[211] Johnson appointed Tim Parker to be first Deputy Mayor, but after Parker began taking increasing control at City Hall and insisted that all staff report directly to him, Johnson dismissed him.[212] Because of these problems, many in the Conservative Party initially distanced themselves from Johnson’s administration, fearing it would be counterproductive to achieving a Conservative victory in the 2010 general election.[213]Johnson gave a victory speech in City Hall after being elected as a Mayor of London
He received criticism during the early weeks of his administration, largely because he was late for two official functions in his first week on the job, and because after three weeks he went on holiday to Turkey.[211] In July 2008, Johnson visited the closing ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, there offending his Chinese hosts with his attire.[214] During the electoral campaign, Johnson had confided to Brian Paddick he was unsure how he would maintain his lifestyle while relying upon the mayoral salary of £140,000 a year.[215] To resolve this problem, he agreed to continue his Daily Telegraph column alongside his mayoral job, thus earning a further £250,000 a year.[216] His team believed this would cause controversy and made him promise to donate a fifth of his Daily Telegraph fee to a charitable cause providing bursaries for students. Johnson resented this, and ultimately did not pay a full fifth.[217] Controversy erupted when he was questioned about his Daily Telegraph fee on BBC‘s HARDtalk; there, he referred to the £250,000 as “chicken feed”, something that was widely condemned, given that this was roughly 10 times the average yearly wage for a British worker.[218][219][220]
During his first administration, Johnson was embroiled in several personal scandals. After moving to a new house in Islington, he built a shed on his balcony without obtaining planning permission; after neighbours complained, he dismantled it.[221] The press also accused him of having an affair with Helen Macintyre and of fathering her child, allegations that he did not deny.[222][223][224][225] Controversy arose when Johnson was accused of warning the MP Damian Green that police were planning to arrest him; Johnson denied the claims and did not face criminal charges under the Criminal Justice Act.[226] He was accused of cronyism,[227] in particular for appointing Veronica Wadley, a former Evening Standard editor who had supported him, as the chair of London’s Arts Council when she was widely regarded as not being the best candidate for the position.[228][229][230] He was caught up in the parliamentary expenses scandal and accused of excessive personal spending on taxi journeys. His deputy mayor Ian Clement was found to have misused a City Hall credit card, resulting in his resignation.[231] Johnson remained a popular figure in London with a strong celebrity status.[232] In 2009, he rescued Franny Armstrong from anti-social teenagers who had threatened her while he was cycling past them.[233][234][235]
Policies
The New Routemaster bus introduced by Johnson’s administration
Johnson made no major changes to the mayoral system Livingstone developed.[236] He reversed several measures implemented by Livingstone’s administration, ending the city’s oil deal with Venezuela, abolishing The Londoner newsletter, and scrapping the half-yearly inspections of black cabs, which was reinstated three years later.[237] Abolishing the western wing of the congestion charging zone,[238] he cancelled plans to increase the congestion charge for four-wheel-drive vehicles.[239] He was subsequently accused of failing to publish an independent report on air pollution commissioned by the Greater London Authority, which revealed the city breached legal limits on nitrogen dioxide levels.[240][241]
Johnson retained Livingstone projects such as Crossrail and the 2012 Olympic Games, but was accused of trying to take credit for them.[242] He introduced a public bicycle scheme that had been mooted by Livingstone’s administration; colloquially known as “Boris Bikes“, the part privately financed system cost £140 million and was a significant financial loss but proved popular.[243][244] Despite Johnson’s support of cycling in London, and his much-publicised identity as a cyclist, some cycling groups who argued he had failed to make the city’s roads safer for cyclists criticised his administration.[245] As per his election pledge, he commissioned the development of the New Routemaster buses for central London.[246] He also ordered the construction of a cable car system that crossed the River Thames between Greenwich Peninsula and the Royal Docks.[247]Johnson implemented Livingstone’s idea of a public bicycle system; the result was dubbed the “Boris Bike”.
Johnson’s first policy initiative was a ban on drinking alcohol on public transport.[248][249] At the beginning of his tenure as mayor, Johnson announced plans to extend pay-as-you-go Oyster cards to national rail services in London.[250] A pledge in Johnson’s election manifesto was to retain Tube ticket offices, in opposition to Livingstone’s proposal to close up to 40 London Underground ticket offices.[251] On 2 July 2008, the Mayor’s office announced the closure plan was to be abandoned and that offices would remain open.[252] On 21 November 2013, Transport for London announced that all London Underground ticket offices would close by 2015.[253] In financing these projects, Johnson’s administration borrowed £100 million,[254] while public transport fares were increased by 50 per cent.[255]
During his first Mayoral term, Johnson was perceived as having moved leftward on certain issues, for instance, supporting the London Living Wage and endorsing an amnesty for illegal migrants.[256] He tried placating critics who had deemed him a bigot by appearing at London’s gay pride parade and praising ethnic minority newspapers.[257] In 2012, he banned London buses from displaying the adverts of Core Issues Trust, a Christian group, which compared homosexuality to an illness.[258] In August 2008, Johnson broke from the traditional protocol of those in public office not publicly commenting on other nations’ elections by endorsing Barack Obama for the presidency of the United States.[259][260]
Relations with police, finance, and the media
Johnson’s response to the 2011 London riots was criticised
Johnson appointed himself chair of the Metropolitan Police Authority (MPA), and in October 2008 successfully pushed for the resignation of Metropolitan Police Commissioner Ian Blair after the latter was criticised for allegedly handing contracts to friends and for his handling of the death of Jean Charles de Menezes.[261][262][263] This earned Johnson great respect among Conservatives, who interpreted it as his first act of strength.[264] Johnson resigned as MPA chairman in January 2010,[256] but throughout his mayoralty was highly supportive of the Metropolitan Police, particularly during the controversy surrounding the death of Ian Tomlinson.[265] Overall crime in London fell during his administration, but his claim that serious youth crime had decreased proved to be false, and he acknowledged the error.[266][267] Similarly, his claim that Metropolitan Police numbers had increased was characterised as untrue,[266] but the fact-checkers at Full Fact felt that both Johnson’s and his critics’ positions are defensible.[268] He was criticised for his response to the 2011 London riots; holidaying with his family in British Columbia when the rioting broke out, he did not return immediately to London, only doing so 48 hours after it had begun and addressing Londoners 60 hours thereafter. Upon visiting shopkeepers and residents affected by the riots in Clapham, elements within the crowds booed and jeered him.[269]Johnson lights the flame at the 2010 London Youth Games opening ceremony
Johnson championed London’s financial sector and denounced what he saw as “banker bashing” following the financial crisis of 2007–08,[270] condemning the anti-capitalist Occupy London movement that appeared in 2011.[271] He spent much time with those involved in the financial services and criticised the government’s 50p tax rate for higher earners.[272] He collected donations from the city’s wealthy for a charitable enterprise, the Mayor’s Fund, which he had established to aid disadvantaged youths. It initially announced the fund would raise £100 million, but by 2010 it had only spent £1.5 million.[273] He also maintained extensive personal contacts throughout the British media,[274] which resulted in widespread favourable press coverage of his administration.[274] In turn he remained largely supportive of his friends in the media—among them Rupert Murdoch—during the News International phone hacking scandal.[275]
The formation of the Forensic Audit Panel was announced on 8 May 2008. The panel was tasked with monitoring and investigating financial management at the London Development Agency and the Greater London Authority.[276] Johnson’s announcement was criticised by Labour for the perceived politicisation of this nominally independent panel, who asked whether the appointment of key Johnson allies to the panel – “to dig dirt on Ken Livingstone” – was “an appropriate use of public funds”.[277] The head of the panel, Patience Wheatcroft, was married to a Conservative councillor[278] and three of the four remaining panel members also had close links to the Conservatives: Stephen Greenhalgh (Conservative Leader of Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council),[279] Patrick Frederick (Chairman of Conservative Business Relations for South East England and Southern London), and Edward Lister (Conservative Leader of Wandsworth London Borough Council).[280]
Re-election campaign
Up for re-election in 2012, Johnson again hired Crosby to orchestrate his campaign.[281] Before the election, Johnson published Johnson’s Life of London, a work of popular history that the historian A. N. Wilson characterised as a “coded plea” for votes.[282] Polls suggested that while Livingstone’s approach to transport was preferred, voters in London placed greater trust in Johnson over issues of crime and the economy.[283] During the 2012 Mayoral election, Johnson sought re-election, while Livingstone was selected as the Labour candidate again. Johnson’s campaign emphasised the accusation that Livingstone was guilty of tax evasion, for which Livingstone called Johnson a “bare-faced liar”.[284] The political scientist Andrew Crines believed that Livingstone’s campaign focused on criticising Johnson rather than presenting an alternate and progressive vision of London’s future.[285] In 2012, Johnson was re-elected as mayor.[286]
Second term: 2012–2016
Johnson at the 2012 Summer Olympics
London was successful in its bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics while Ken Livingstone was still mayor in 2005. Johnson’s role in the proceedings was as the co-chair of an Olympic board which oversaw the games.[287] Two of his actions after taking on this role were to improve transportation around London by making more tickets available and laying on more buses around the capital during the busy period, when thousands of spectators were temporary visitors in London.[288][289] Johnson was accused of covering up pollution ahead of the games by deploying dust suppressants to remove air particulates near monitoring stations.[240] In November 2013, Johnson announced major changes to the operation of London Underground, including the extension of operating hours to run through the night at weekends. All staffed ticket offices would be closed to save over £40 million a year and replaced with automated ticketing systems.[290][291]
Johnson had a close friendship with American technology entrepreneur, former DJ[292] and model Jennifer Arcuri, with The Sunday Times describing him as a regular visitor to her flat,[293] and implying they were in a sexual relationship.[294] In 2013, a mayoral fund awarded her company, Innotech, £10,000, followed the next year by Arcuri being awarded £15,000 from a government programme. Johnson intervened to allow her onto three trade mission trips.[295] The Sunday Times said in September 2019 that Johnson failed to declare his personal relationship as a conflict of interest.[296] Later that month, the Greater London Authority referred Johnson and his actions in the matter to the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) “so it can assess whether or not it is necessary to investigate the former mayor of London for the criminal offence of misconduct in public office”. The IOPC was involved because the Mayor is also London’s police and crime commissioner.[297] The London Assembly began its own investigation but paused it at the IOPC’s request to avoid overlap. On 9 November 2019 it was revealed that the IOPC, which had been due to publish a report on its investigation, had decided to do so after the general election of 12 December.[298] The IOPC issued its report in May 2020, concluding that, although there was no basis for any criminal charge, there was evidence that the close relationship between Johnson and Arcuri had influenced decisions by officials. The report found Johnson should have declared an interest concerning Arcuri and that his failure to do this could have breached the London Assembly’s code of conduct. On behalf of the London Assembly, the chair of its Greater London Authority Oversight Committee said the committee would now resume its own investigation.[299]
In February 2012, Johnson criticised London’s Saint Patrick’s Day gala dinner celebrations, linking them to Sinn Féin and branding the event “Lefty crap”;[300] for which he later apologised.[301]
In February 2013, during a London Assembly meeting following the publication of London’s 2014, Johnson was ejected from the meeting following a vote and because his deputy Victoria Borwick had left the chamber. Realising that the vote meant he would not be questioned on the budget, Johnson referred to his political opponents as “great supine protoplasmic invertebrate jellies”.[302]
Johnson attended the launch of the World Islamic Economic Forum in London in July 2013, where he answered questions alongside Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak. He joked that Malaysian women attended university to find husbands, causing some offence among female attendees.[303][304]
In 2014, Johnson published his biography of Winston Churchill, The Churchill Factor. The media emphasised how Johnson repeatedly compared himself to Churchill throughout the book.[305] During campaigning in 2016, he said there was an attempt to create the Roman Empire‘s united Europe. He said, “Napoleon, Hitler, various people tried this out, and it ends tragically. The EU is an attempt to do this by different methods.”[306][307] Also in 2014, he was criticised for saying that “almost half” of his senior staff were female, when London Assembly members stated that only four of fourteen top positions in Johnson’s administration were occupied by women.[308]
In 2015, Johnson criticised then-presidential candidate Donald Trump‘s false comments that there were no-go zones in London governed by shariah and inaccessible for non-Muslims. Johnson said Trump was “betraying a quite stupefying ignorance that makes him, frankly, unfit to hold the office of president of the United States”,[309] becoming the first senior politician in the UK to declare Trump unfit for office (but rejecting calls for him to be banned from the country).[310] Johnson added that he “would invite [Trump] to come and see the whole of London and take him round the city – except I wouldn’t want to expose Londoners to any unnecessary risk of meeting Donald Trump”.[309] He later called Trump’s comments “ill informed” and “complete and utter nonsense”, adding that “the only reason I wouldn’t go to some parts of New York is the real risk of meeting Donald Trump”.[311] In 2016, he said he was “genuinely worried that he could become president”, telling ITV’s Tom Bradby of one moment where he was mistaken for Trump in New York as “one of the worst moments” of his life.[312]
Johnson did not run for a third term for Mayor of London and stepped down on 5 May 2016 following the election of former transport minister, Sadiq Khan. Johnson left office still popular with the people of London. A YouGov poll commissioned at the end of his term revealed that 52% of Londoners believed he did a “good job” as Mayor of London while only 29% believed he did a “bad job”.[313] In 2016, Sadiq Khan announced that three German-made water cannon, which Johnson had bought for the Metropolitan Police without waiting for clearance from the then-Home Secretary Theresa May, were to be sold off with the funds going to youth services.[314] The vehicles proved unsellable and were eventually sold for scrap in 2018 at a £300,000 loss.[315]
Return to Parliament
Johnson initially said that he would not return to the House of Commons while remaining mayor.[232] After much media speculation, in August 2014 he sought selection as the Conservative candidate for the safe seat of Uxbridge and South Ruislip at the 2015 general election,[316] becoming the party’s candidate in September.[317][318] In the May 2015 general election, Johnson was elected MP. There was much speculation that he had returned to Parliament because he wanted to replace Cameron as Conservative leader and prime minister.[319]
Brexit campaign: 2015–2016
In February 2016, Johnson endorsed Vote Leave in the “Out” campaign for the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum.[320] He called Cameron’s warnings about leaving “greatly over exaggerated”. Following this announcement, which was interpreted by financial markets as making Brexit more probable, the pound sterling slumped by nearly 2% against the US dollar, reaching its lowest level since March 2009.[321]
In April 2016, in an article for The Sun, in response to a comment by President Barack Obama that Britain should remain in the European Union, Johnson said an “ancestral dislike” of Britain owing to his “part-Kenyan” background may have shaped Obama’s views.[306] Conservative MP Sir Nicholas Soames branded the comments “idiotic” and “deeply offensive”.[322] Several Labour and Liberal Democrat politicians condemned them as racist and unacceptable.[323][324] In light of the remark, a King’s College London student society revoked a speaking invitation it had extended to him.[325] Conversely, both the Conservative Iain Duncan Smith and UK Independence Party (UKIP) leader Nigel Farage defended his comments.[323][326]
Johnson supported Vote Leave’s statement that the government was committed to Turkish accession to the EU at the earliest possible opportunity, contradicting the Britain Stronger in Europe campaign’s view that Turkey “is not an issue in this referendum and it shouldn’t be”. Vote Leave was accused of implying that 80 million Turks would come to the UK if it stayed in the EU. When interviewed in January 2019, he said he had not mentioned Turkey during the campaign.[327][328] On 22 June 2016, Johnson declared 23 June could be “Britain’s independence day” in a televised debate in front of a 6,000-member audience at Wembley Arena.[329] David Cameron, British prime minister at the time, specifically addressed Johnson’s claim, publicly stating, “the idea that our country isn’t independent is nonsense. This whole debate demonstrates our sovereignty.”[330]
Following the victory of the “Leave” campaign, Cameron resigned as Conservative leader and prime minister. Johnson was widely regarded as the front-runner to succeed him.[331][332] Johnson announced he would not stand in the Conservative leadership election.[333] Shortly before, Michael Gove, hitherto a Johnson ally, concluded that Johnson “cannot provide the leadership or build the team for the task ahead”.[334][335] The Daily Telegraph called Gove’s comments “the most spectacular political assassination in a generation”.[336] Johnson endorsed Andrea Leadsom‘s candidature,[337] but she dropped out of the race a week later, leaving Theresa May to be elected uncontested.
Foreign Secretary: 2016–2018
Johnson with US President Donald Trump in 2017 UNGAJohnson visited the British Virgin Islands after Hurricane Irma
After Theresa May had become Conservative Party leader and prime minister, she appointed Johnson Foreign Secretary in July 2016.[338] Analysts saw the appointment as a tactic to weaken Johnson politically: the new positions of “Brexit secretary” and international trade secretary left the foreign secretary as a figurehead with few powers.[338][339] Johnson’s appointment ensured he would often be out of the country and unable to organise and mobilise backbenchers against her, while forcing him to take responsibility for problems caused by withdrawing from the EU.[340][341]
Some journalists and foreign politicians criticised Johnson’s appointment because of his history of controversial statements about other countries.[342][343][344] His tenure in the role attracted criticism from diplomats and foreign policy experts.[345][346] A number of diplomats, FCO staff and foreign ministers who worked with Johnson compared his leadership unfavourably to previous foreign secretaries for his perceived lack of conviction or substantive positions on British foreign policy issues.[345][346] Former Swedish prime minister Carl Bildt said: “I wish it was a joke.”[347] A senior official in Obama’s government suggested Johnson’s appointment would push the US further towards Germany at the expense of the Special Relationship with the UK.[348] On one occasion Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi walked out of a meeting with Johnson after a meeting did not “get beyond the pleasantries”.[345]
Johnson’s visit to Turkey from 25 to 27 September 2016 was somewhat tense because he had won Douglas Murray‘s offensive poetry competition about the President of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, four months earlier.[349] When questioned by a journalist whether he would apologise for the poem, Johnson dismissed the matter as “trivia”.[350] Johnson pledged to help Turkey join the EU and expressed support for Erdogan’s government.[351] Johnson supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen and refused to block UK arms sales to Saudi Arabia,[352] stating there was no clear evidence of breaches of international humanitarian law by Saudi Arabia in the war in Yemen.[353] In September 2016, human rights groups accused him of blocking the UN inquiry into Saudi war crimes in Yemen.[354] Given the UK-Saudi alliance, in December, he attracted attention for commenting the Saudis were akin to the Iranians in “puppeteering and playing proxy wars” throughout the Middle East.[355][356][357] May said his comments did not represent the government’s view.[358]
In November 2017, Johnson told the Foreign Affairs Select Committee that Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe—a British-Iranian dual citizen serving a five-year prison sentence in Iran after being arrested for training citizen journalists and bloggers in a BBC World Service Trust project—had been “simply teaching people journalism”. Zaghari-Ratcliffe had said that her visit had been made simply for her daughter to meet her grandparents. Facing criticism, Johnson stated he had been misquoted and that nothing he said had justified Zaghari-Ratcliffe’s sentence.[359][360] In May 2018, Johnson backed[361][362] the Iran nuclear deal framework, despite Donald Trump’s withdrawal.[363] Johnson said the deal brought economic benefits to the Iranian people.[364] Johnson described the Gülen movement as a “cult” and supported Turkey’s post-coup purges. He said that Turkey’s coup attempt “was deeply violent, deeply anti-democratic, deeply sinister and it was totally right that it was crushed”.[365]Foreign Ministers of the US, the UK, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, before a working dinner focused on Yemen, 19 July 2016
In April 2017, Johnson said that Gibraltar’s sovereignty was “not going to change” after Brexit.[366] Johnson promised while in Northern Ireland that Brexit would leave the Irish border “absolutely unchanged”.[367] In May 2017, during the 2017 United Kingdom general election, a woman criticised him for discussing ending tariffs on Indian whisky in a Sikh temple in Bristol (Sikhism prohibits alcohol use). He later expressed regret that the protester held differing views to his on alcohol.[368]
Johnson visited the islands of Anguilla, and Tortola (in the British Virgin Islands) on 13 September 2017 to confirm the United Kingdom’s commitment to helping restore British territories devastated by Hurricane Irma.[369][370] He said he was reminded of photos of Hiroshima after the atom bomb had landed on it.[371]
In September 2017, he was criticised for reciting lines from Rudyard Kipling‘s poem Mandalay while visiting a Myanmar temple; the British ambassador, who was with him, suggested it was “not appropriate”.[372][373][374] In October 2017, he faced criticism for stating the Libyan city of Sirte could become an economic success like Dubai: “all they have to do is clear the dead bodies away”.[375][376] Johnson did not condemn the actions of the Spanish government and police during the outlawed Catalan independence referendum on 1 October 2017.[377]Johnson met with Myanmar‘s de facto leader Aung San Suu Kyi in September 2016
Johnson backed a more aggressive policy towards Russia.[378][379] Following the March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in Salisbury, an act which the UK government blamed on Russia,[380][381] Johnson compared Vladimir Putin‘s hosting of the World Cup in Russia to Adolf Hitler‘s hosting of the Olympic Games in Berlin in 1936.[382] Russia’s Foreign Ministry denounced Johnson’s “unacceptable and unworthy” parallel towards Russia, a “nation that lost millions of lives in fighting Nazism”.[383] Johnson described the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline from Russia to Germany as “divisive” and a “threat” that left Europe dependent on a “malign Russia” for its energy supplies.[384]
Johnson condemned the persecution of Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar,[385] comparing the situation with the displacement of Palestinians in 1948.[386] Johnson supported the Turkish invasion of northern Syria aimed at ousting the Syrian Kurds from the enclave of Afrin.[387]Johnson meeting with Iranian foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif in Tehran in December 2017
In a September 2017 op-ed, Johnson reiterated the UK would regain control of £350m a week after Brexit, suggesting it go to the National Health Service (NHS).[388] Cabinet colleagues subsequently criticised him for reviving the assertion and accused of “clear misuse of official statistics” by the chair of the UK Statistics Authority, Sir David Norgrove.[389][390] The authority rejected the suggestion that it was quibbling over newspaper headlines and not Johnson’s actual words.[390] Following the 2017 general election, Johnson denied media reports he intended to challenge May’s leadership.[391] In a February 2018 letter to May, Johnson suggested that Northern Ireland may have to accept border controls after Brexit and that it would not seriously affect trade, having initially said a hard border would be unthinkable.[392]Johnson with Israel’s Benjamin Netanyahu in June 2018
In March 2018, Johnson apologised for his “inadvertent sexism” after being criticised for calling Shadow Foreign Secretary Emily Thornberry as “Lady Nugee”; Thornberry was married to Christopher Nugee but did not use his surname.[393] In June, he was reported as having said “fuck business” when asked about corporate concerns regarding a ‘hard’ Brexit.[394][395][396][397]
Johnson said that US recognition of Jerusalem as Israel’s capital is a “moment of opportunity” for peace.[398] In June 2018, Johnson accused the UNHRC of focusing disproportionately on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and Israel’s occupation of the Palestinian territories.[399]
Secret recordings obtained by BuzzFeed News in June 2018 revealed Johnson’s dissatisfaction with Prime Minister Theresa May’s negotiating style, accusing her of being too collaborative with the European Union in Brexit negotiations. Comparing May’s approach to that of the US President Donald Trump – who at the time was engaged in a combative trade war with the EU because it raised tariffs on metal – Johnson said: “Imagine Trump doing Brexit. He’d go in bloody hard … There’d be all sorts of breakdowns, all sorts of chaos. Everyone would think he’d gone mad. But actually you might get somewhere. It’s a very, very good thought.” He also called Philip Hammond and the Treasury “the heart of Remain” and accused individuals of scaremongering over a Brexit “meltdown”, saying “No panic. Pro bono publico, no bloody panic. It’s going to be all right in the end.”[400]
During trips to the United States as foreign secretary, Johnson had repeated meetings with Trump adviser and speechwriter Stephen Miller, which were held off White House grounds and kept quiet from May. During the meetings, Miller and Johnson “swapped speech-writing ideas and tips”.[401]
In July 2018, three days after the cabinet had its meeting at Chequers to agree on a Brexit strategy,[402] Johnson, along with Brexit Secretary David Davis,[403] resigned his post.[404]
Return to the backbenches: 2018–2019
By resigning as foreign secretary, Johnson returned to the role of a backbench MP. In July, he delivered a resignation speech, stating that ministers were “saying one thing to the EU about what we are really doing, and pretending another to the electorate”. Johnson added that “it is not too late to save Brexit. We have time in these negotiations. We have changed tack once and we can change once again”.[405] Buzzfeed reported Johnson had been in contact with Steve Bannon, Donald Trump‘s former chief adviser. In interviews, Bannon had praised Johnson and said he should challenge Theresa May for the party leadership.[406][407] In January 2019, Johnson came under criticism for remarks he had made during the 2016 Leave campaign regarding the prospect of Turkish accession to the European Union; he denied making such remarks.[408] In March 2019, Johnson said that expenditure on investigating historic allegations of child abuse, instead of more police on the streets, was money “spaffed up the wall”.[409] A victim, anti-abuse organisations, a police chief and Shadow police minister Louise Haigh strongly criticised this.[410]
Journalism
In July 2018, Johnson signed a 12‑month contract to write articles for the Telegraph Media Group.[411] In August, the Advisory Committee on Business Appointments (ACoBA) reported that this employment was a breach of the Ministerial Code.[411][412] In December, Johnson was ordered to apologise to Parliament for failing to declare £50,000 of earnings. The Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards found the errors were not inadvertent, and that Johnson had failed on nine occasions to make declarations within the rules.[413]
In September 2018, Johnson wrote: “We have opened ourselves to perpetual political blackmail. We have wrapped a suicide vest around the British constitution – and handed the detonator to Michel Barnier.” Senior Tories heavily criticised him, with Alan Duncan of the Foreign Office vowing to ensure the comments marked “the political end of Boris Johnson”.[414][415]
In April 2019, the Independent Press Standards Organisation ruled that a claim in a 6 January 2019 article in The Daily Telegraph, “The British people won’t be scared into backing a woeful Brexit deal nobody voted for”, authored by Johnson,[416] that a no-deal Brexit was “by some margin preferred by the British public” was false, and “represented a failure to take care over the accuracy of the article in breach of Clause 1 (i)” of its guidelines, and required that a correction to the false claim be published in the print edition, and appended to the online version.[417]
2019 Conservative Party leadership election
Main article: 2019 Conservative Party leadership electionThe logo used by Johnson’s leadership campaign in 2019
On 16 May 2019, Johnson confirmed he would stand in the forthcoming Conservative Party leadership election following Theresa May‘s anticipated resignation.[418] On 7 June, Johnson formally launched his campaign, saying, “we must leave the EU on 31 October. We must do better than the current Withdrawal Agreement that has been rejected three times by Parliament—and let me clear that I am not aiming for a no-deal outcome. I don’t think that we will end up with any such thing. But it is only responsible to prepare vigorously and seriously for no deal.”[419] On the campaign trail, Johnson warned of “catastrophic consequences for voter trust in politics” if the government pushed the EU for further delays. He advocated removing the backstop from any Brexit deal and replacing it with alternative arrangements. On 25 and 26 August, he announced plans to retain £7 or £9 billion of the £39 billion divorce payment the UK is due to transfer to the EU upon withdrawal.[420][421]
Johnson initially pledged to cut income tax for earners of more than £50,000 by raising the 40% tax threshold to £80,000, but backed away from this plan in June 2019 after coming under criticism in a televised BBC debate.[422] He also said he planned to raise the level at which low-paid workers start to pay National Insurance.[423]
A poll of party members published on 13 June showed Johnson to be the clear front-runner.[424] He received 114 votes in the first ballot of party MPs,[425] 126 in the next, 143 votes in the third and 157 in the fourth. In the last ballot, on 20 June, he reached 160 votes and was named one of the final two candidates, alongside Jeremy Hunt.[426]
The members’ vote closed on 22 July. The following day, Johnson was elected leader with 92,153 votes (66%) to Hunt’s 46,656 (34%).[427]
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Main article: Premiership of Boris Johnson
First term (July–December 2019)
Wikisource has original text related to this article:Boris Johnson: First Speech as Prime Minister On 24 July 2019, the day following Johnson’s election as Conservative Party leader, Queen Elizabeth II accepted Theresa May‘s resignation and appointed Johnson as prime minister. This made Johnson the second prime minister to be born outside of the British Isles, after fellow Conservative Bonar Law, and the first to be born outside British territories.[428] Johnson appointed Dominic Cummings, whom he worked with on the Vote Leave campaign, as his senior advisor.[429]
Brexit policy
Johnson discussing Brexit with French President Emmanuel Macron in ParisJohnson signing the Brexit Withdrawal Agreement
In his first speech as PM, Johnson said that the United Kingdom would leave the European Union on 31 October 2019 with or without a deal, and promised to remove the Irish backstop from the Brexit withdrawal agreement.[430][431] Johnson declared his intention to re-open negotiations on the withdrawal agreement, but talks did not immediately resume as the EU refused to accept Johnson’s pre-condition that the backstop be removed.[432] The government subsequently announced £2.1bn of funding to prepare for a no-deal Brexit on 31 October.[433] On 28 August 2019, UK and EU negotiators agreed to resume regular meetings to discuss the withdrawal agreement.[434]
Also on 28 August 2019, Johnson declared he had asked the Queen to prorogue parliament from 10 September, narrowing the window in which parliament could block a no-deal Brexit and causing a political controversy.[435] The Queen at Privy Council approved prorogation later the same day, and it began on 10 September, scheduled to last until 14 October.[436] Some suggested[437] that this prorogation amounted to a self-coup, and on 31 August 2019, protests occurred in towns and cities throughout the United Kingdom.[438][439] As of 2 September 2019, three separate court cases challenging Johnson’s action were in progress or scheduled to take place,[440] and on 11 September, three Scottish judges ruled the prorogation of the UK Parliament to be unlawful.[441][442] On 12 September, Johnson denied lying to the Queen over suspension of the parliament, while a Belfast Court rejected claims that his Brexit plans will have a negative impact on Northern Ireland’s peace policy.[443] On 24 September, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that Johnson’s advice to prorogue parliament was unlawful, and therefore the prorogation was rendered null and of no effect.[444][445][446]
When parliament resumed on 3 September 2019, Johnson indicated he would call a general election under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act after opposition and rebel Conservative MPs successfully voted against the government to take control of the order of business to prevent a no-deal exit.[447] Despite government opposition, the Benn Act, a bill to block a no-deal exit, passed the Commons on 4 September 2019, causing Johnson to propose a general election on 15 October.[448] His motion was unsuccessful as it failed to command the support of two-thirds of the House.[449]
In October 2019, following bilateral talks between Johnson and Taoiseach Leo Varadkar,[450] the UK and EU agreed to a revised deal, which replaced the backstop with a new Northern Ireland protocol.[451][452][453]
In December 2019, Johnson said: “quite a large number of people coming in from the whole of the EU—580 million population—[had been] able to treat the UK as though it’s basically part of their own country and the problem with that is there has been no control at all”.[454] The co-founder of The 3 Million accused Johnson of “demonising” EU migrants.[455]
First Cabinet
Main article: First Johnson ministryJohnson holding his first cabinet meeting at 10 Downing Street, 25 July 2019
Johnson appointed his Cabinet on 24 July 2019,[456] dismissing 11 senior ministers and accepting the resignation of six others.[457][458] The mass dismissal was the most extensive postwar Cabinet reorganisation without a change in the ruling party, exceeding the seven Cabinet ministers dismissed in the “Night of the Long Knives” of 1962.[459][460]
Among other appointments, Johnson made Dominic Raab the First Secretary of State and foreign secretary, and appointed Sajid Javid and Priti Patel as the Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary, respectively. Johnson increased the number of ministers attending the Cabinet to 33, four more than had attended the May Cabinet. One quarter of those appointed were women, and the Cabinet set a record for ethnic minority representation, with four secretaries of state and two additional ministers coming from minority backgrounds. Nearly two-thirds of those appointed went to fee-paying schools, and almost half had attended Oxbridge.[456] Johnson also created a new ministerial role to be held by himself, Minister for the Union, fulfilling a campaign pledge he had made in the leadership election.[461]
Spending plans
Shortly after he had become prime minister, Johnson’s government announced increased public sector spending. In particular, it was announced that an extra 20,000 police officers would be hired, the roll-out of high-speed broadband would be sped up, the funding per school pupil would be increased to a minimum of £5,000 and £1.8 billion for upgrades and new equipment at hospitals. £1 billion of the money for hospitals was money that NHS providers had saved over the past three years and then previously been told they could not spend, rather than being new money.[462] The Chancellor Sajid Javid also announced that the spending review would be fast-tracked to September. Javid said that this was so that departments would be free to plan for the planned Brexit date of 31 October 2019, but there was speculation that the increased spending was to gain popularity in preparation for a possible election in autumn 2019.[463][464]
Loss of working majority
On 3 September 2019, Phillip Lee crossed the floor to the Liberal Democrats following a disagreement with Johnson’s Brexit policy. This left the government without a working majority in the House of Commons.[465] Later that day, 21 Conservative MPs, including the Father of the House and former Chancellor Kenneth Clarke, and another former Chancellor Philip Hammond, had the party whip withdrawn for defying party orders and supporting an opposition motion.[466] (The whip was restored to 10 former Conservative ministers on 29 October.[467])
On 5 September 2019, Johnson’s brother Jo Johnson resigned from the government and announced that he would step down as MP, describing his position as “torn between family and national interest”.[468] Two days later, Amber Rudd resigned as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and from the Conservative Party, describing the withdrawal of the party whip from the MPs as an “assault on decency and democracy”.[469]
2019 general election
Main article: 2019 United Kingdom general election
In October 2019, Parliament was dissolved, and an election called for 12 December. The election resulted in the Conservative Party winning 43.6% of the vote and a parliamentary landslide majority of 80 seats—its biggest since 1987 under Margaret Thatcher.[470] A key slogan used in the Conservative campaign was their promise to “Get Brexit Done“.[471]
Second term (since December 2019)
Second Cabinet
Main articles: Second Johnson ministry, 2020 British cabinet reshuffle, and 2021 British cabinet reshuffle
Johnson reshuffled his cabinet on 13 February 2020.[472] Five Cabinet ministers were sacked, including the Northern Ireland Secretary Julian Smith, a decision that was criticised by several politicians and commentators following his success in restoring the Northern Ireland Executive devolved government.[473] Chancellor of the Exchequer Sajid Javid resigned from the Cabinet after refusing a demand from Johnson and Dominic Cummings that he dismiss his advisers.[474] Javid was replaced as Chancellor by Rishi Sunak; Javid later returned to Johnson’s Cabinet as Secretary of State for Health and Social Care in June 2021 following the resignation of Matt Hancock.
Johnson conducted another reshuffle of his cabinet in September 2021. Changes included the dismissal of Education Secretary Gavin Williamson who had received significant criticism for his handling of disruption to education, such as the 2020 exam grading controversy, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Dominic Raab was moved from Foreign Secretary to Deputy Prime Minister and Justice Secretary, replacing Robert Buckland in the latter role. Raab was replaced as Foreign Secretary by Liz Truss.[475][476]
COVID-19 pandemic
Main articles: British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19 vaccination programme in the United KingdomSee also: COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom and COVID-19 pandemic in the United KingdomJohnson delivering a press conference on COVID-19, 31 July 2020
The COVID-19 pandemic emerged as a serious crisis within the first few months of Johnson’s second term.[477] Throughout the pandemic, Johnson made a number of policy decisions to curb the pandemic some time after the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE) advised them, and contradicting his previous pledges and statements.[478][479][480][481][482][483] Johnson’s non-attendance of five COBR briefings during the early months of the pandemic and the failure of the UK government to prepare for and control the outbreak has been criticised.[484][485][486][487] The UK was amongst the last major[clarification needed] European states to close schools, ban public events and order a lockdown.[488][489] This response is thought[by whom?] to have contributed to the UK’s high death toll from COVID-19, which as of January 2021 was among the highest in the world in total and by population.[485][490][491] Johnson’s public communication over the virus has also been criticised.[485][492]
On 3 March 2020, Johnson claimed to have shaken hands with COVID patients in hospital on the same day that SAGE had advised the government to warn the public not to shake hands and minimise physical contact,[493][494] though it was unclear whether the hospital he visited actually contained any coronavirus patients.[495] He continued to shake hands publicly in the following days including on 5 March and 9 March.[496] On 20 March, Johnson requested the closure of pubs, restaurants, gyms, entertainment venues, museums and galleries that evening, though with some regret, saying, “We’re taking away the ancient, inalienable right of free-born people of the United Kingdom to go to the pub.”[497][498] On 23 March, this was strengthened into a “stay at home” order throughout the UK, except for a few limited purposes, backed up by new legal powers.[499] On 27 March, it was announced that Johnson had tested positive for COVID-19.[500] On 5 April, with his symptoms persisting, he was admitted to a hospital for tests.[501] The next day, his condition having worsened, he was moved to the hospital’s intensive care unit;[502][503] Dominic Raab was appointed to deputise for him.[503] Johnson left intensive care on 9 April,[504] and left hospital three days later to recuperate at Chequers.[505] After a fortnight at Chequers, he returned to Downing Street on 26 April and was said to be chairing a government COVID-19 “war cabinet” meeting.[506] Johnson later said that he had been given emergency oxygen while in intensive care, and that doctors had made preparations in case of the event of his death.[507]
A scandal in May 2020 involved Johnson’s chief political advisor Dominic Cummings, who made a trip with his family to Durham during the March 2020 lockdown while suffering from COVID-19 symptoms. Both Cummings and Johnson rejected widespread calls that Cummings resign.[508][509][510] Calls for Johnson to dismiss Cummings came from MPs both within and outside the Conservative Party. Johnson’s defence of Cummings and his refusal to sack him caused a widespread backlash.[511] This resulted in a loss of confidence in the government and specifically its response to the pandemic, referred to as ‘the Cummings effect’ in a study in The Lancet. Concerns were raised in the study that this could affect the public’s compliance with pandemic restrictions.[512][513]
The Johnson ministry has been accused of cronyism in their assignment of contracts related to the pandemic response. Procurement of government contracts for key COVID-19 supplies and measures has become less transparent as a result of emergency measures which have bypassed the usual competitive tendering process.[514][13] In October 2020, Johnson conceded that the UK’s test and trace system and its specially developed contact tracing app, which had been criticised for their cost and operational issues, had caused “frustrations” and needed improvement.[485][515][516]Johnson hosts virtual G7 meeting in February 2021
Johnson reportedly resisted calls from SAGE and within the government to enact a second lockdown throughout September as COVID-19 infections rose.[482][517] In April 2021, Johnson denied allegations he had said he would rather “let the bodies pile high in their thousands” than enact a second national lockdown on 30 October 2020.[518][519][520] The government enacted a second national lockdown on 31 October.[480] Throughout December 2020, COVID-19 cases across the UK rose significantly, putting additional strain on emergency services and hospitals[521][522] as the Alpha variant spread widely.[523] In response, the government enacted further restrictions to large parts of southern and eastern England and on 21 December shortened a planned household mixing period over Christmas.[481]
After Russia began the world’s first COVID-19 vaccination programme on 5 December 2020,[524] Britain began its programme three days later.[525] NHS workers successfully ensured that half of UK adults had received at least their first vaccine dose by 20 March 2021.[526]
A third lockdown for the whole of England was introduced on 6 January 2021.[527] Record numbers of infections and daily deaths were recorded in the UK throughout January, and the government began exploring quarantine procedures on arrival.[528] Johnson said he was “deeply sorry” and “take[s] full responsibility” as the UK passed 100,000 deaths from COVID-19, the first European country to do so, on 26 January.[529]Johnson with US President Joe Biden at the G7 summit in Cornwall, 10 June 2021
In July 2021, Johnson announced that most generalised public health restrictions in England would be lifted and replaced by recommendations. This took place despite an increase in cases driven by the Delta variant.[530][531]
In September 2021, Johnson was pictured in a cabinet meeting, with “at least 30 people crammed shoulder-to-shoulder”, without anyone wearing masks and with all windows apparently closed, contradicting government advice.[532] Johnson was also photographed without a face mask during a visit to a hospital in November.[533]
In December 2021, more stringent restrictions for England were put forward by Johnson and the government. The restrictions, called “Plan B”, were a partial renewal of previous measures due to the increased incidence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. These proposals included face coverings to be required in more public settings, guidance to use remote work wherever possible, and requirements of COVID passports to enter a nightclub or other large venues.[534] Against these measures, the government experienced the largest rebellion of Conservative MPs Johnson’s premiership.[535][536]
Departure of Dominic Cummings and Lee Cain
See also: Dominic Cummings scandal and Dominic Cummings § Departure from Downing Street
On 12 November 2020, Downing Street Director of Communications Lee Cain resigned amid infighting within the cabinet. He had been offered a promotion to chief of staff before his departure.[537] On 13 November, Johnson ordered Chief Adviser Dominic Cummings, a longtime colleague of Cain, to vacate Downing Street. Despite this, reports stated Cummings and Cain would continue to work for the cabinet “from home” until mid-December.[538][539] Several months after his dismissal, on 26 May 2021, Cummings claimed during a seven-hour testimony delivered to Parliament that Johnson was “unfit for the job” and that “tens of thousands of people died who didn’t need to die” during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic due to what he claimed to be “criminal, disgraceful behaviour” within Downing Street under the supervision of Health Secretary Matt Hancock.[540][541] Johnson and Hancock denied some of Cummings’ claims but declined to acknowledge others, such as Cummings claiming Johnson attempted to play down the threat of COVID-19 by saying it was “only killing 80-year-olds” during the pandemic’s early stages.[542][543]
Legislative agend
At the State Opening of Parliament on 11 May 2021, a range of proposed laws were announced that are expected to be enacted during Johnson’s second term. These measures include the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill, which would restore the royal prerogative to dissolve Parliament; a Higher Education (Freedom of Speech) Bill to combat deplatforming at universities;[544] an Online Safety Bill that would impose a statutory duty of care on online companies and empower Ofcom to block particular websites;[545] and an Animal Welfare (Sentience) Bill that would legally recognise animal sentience. Further laws would introduce mandatory voter identification at general elections, reform the national immigration system, and implement a levelling up policy to reduce imbalances between areas.[544]
2021 Downing Street refurbishment controversy
Further information: 2021 Downing Street refurbishment controversy
In April 2021, Cummings made allegations that Johnson had arranged for donors to “secretly pay” for renovations on the private residence at 11 Downing Street.[546] Cummings wrote on his blog that the plans were “unethical, foolish, possibly illegal” and “almost certainly broke the rules on proper disclosure of political donations if conducted in the way he intended.”[547][548]
On 27 April Johnson asked the Cabinet Secretary, Simon Case, to hold a review about the refurbishment.[549] On 28 April, the Electoral Commission announced it had opened a formal investigation into the allegations.[550][551] On the same day Johnson insisted that he had not broken any laws over the refurbishment and had met the requirements he was obliged to meet in full.[552] During Prime Minister’s Questions, the leader of the opposition, Keir Starmer, asked: “Who initially paid for the redecoration of his Downing Street flat?”; Johnson responded: “I paid for Downing Street’s refurbishment personally, Mr. Speaker.”[553]
On 28 May Lord Geidt published a report on the allegations in an annex to the register of interests. The report concluded that Johnson did not breach the Ministerial Code and that no conflict, or reasonably perceived conflict, of interest arose. However, Lord Geidt expressed that it was “unwise” for Johnson to have proceeded with refurbishments without “more rigorous regard for how this would be funded”.[554][555] Angela Rayner, Deputy Leader of the Labour Party, wrote to Lord Geidt asking for evidence of the lack of conflict of interest and said that it was “frankly scarcely believable” that Johnson did not know who was funding the refurbishments.[556][557]
The Electoral Commission reported on 9 December that it found that the Conservative Party had failed to follow the law in not accurately reporting donations to the party from Lord Brownlow and imposed a £17,800 fine.[558][559] The Herald say the commission’s report outlines how in March all the money paid by Brownlow and his company had been reimbursed as had payments made by the Conservative Party and Cabinet Office.[559] Downing Street had said at the time that the full cost of the works had been met personally by the Prime Minister.[559] Following the publication of the report, The Guardian reported that Johnson had been accused of misleading Lord Geidt during his investigation due to apparent inconsistencies between the reports. Johnson had told Geidt that he did not know who had paid for the refurbishments until the story was reported in the media in February 2021, whereas the Electoral Commission found that he had messaged Lord Brownlow asking for extra funds in November 2020. Downing Street denied that there was any inconsistency stating that Johnson only contacted Brownlow in his role as the head of a blind trust collecting donations, but was not aware that Brownlow was also the source of the donations.[citation needed]
2021 energy crisis
In September 2021, a fuel supply crisis occurred in the UK, caused by panic buying triggered by media reports of a leaked government briefing discussing the shortage of heavy goods vehicle (HGV) drivers.[560] This coincided with a rise in energy prices that Johnson said was a “short-term” problem caused by “the global economy coming back to life” after the COVID-19 pandemic. Economists of various political views, and the head of energy regulator Ofgem strongly disagreed.[561][562]
Owen Paterson controversy
See also: Owen Paterson § Lobbying and breach of Commons advocacy rules, and United Kingdom parliamentary second jobs controversy
In November 2021, Johnson backed a motion to block the suspension of Owen Paterson, a Conservative MP found to have abused his position by the independent standards commissioner after undertaking paid lobbying on behalf of two companies.[563] The motion called for the creation of a new Conservative-majority committee to examine reforms of the standards investigation process.[564] Many Conservative MPs refused to support the motion, and 13 defied a three-line whip to vote against it.[565] Following the announcement by opposition parties that they would boycott the new committee, and faced with a backlash in the media and from MPs of all parties, the government reversed its position and announced that a new vote would take place on whether Paterson should be suspended.[566] Paterson announced his resignation as an MP the same day.[567]
After Paterson resigned, a by-election was held in Paterson’s former constituency of North Shropshire. The Liberal Democrat candidate, Helen Morgan, overturned a Conservative majority of nearly 23,000 to win the seat.[568] The 34% swing was seventh largest in United Kingdom by-election history.[569]
Partygate controversy
Main article: PartygateDowning Street, the location where allegedly illegal parties took place
In early December 2021, reports emerged that social gatherings of government and Conservative Party staff in Downing street had taken place ahead of Christmas 2020 against COVID regulations. Johnson and a spokesperson denied these allegations.[570][571] Following a leaked video showing Downing Street staff joking about a “fictional party”, at a press conference rehearsal recorded days after one alleged party took place, Johnson apologised for the contents of the video and suggested he had been misled but had now ordered an inquiry into whether a party took place and whether rules were broken.[572][573]
On 10 January 2022, ITV News reported that a planned party had taken place on 20 May 2020, during the first lockdown. ITV had obtained an email sent by principal private secretary Martin Reynolds to staff inviting them to “socially distanced drinks” in the garden of No. 10 and asking them to “bring your own booze”.[574] At the time, people outdoors were not allowed to meet more than one person from outside their household.[575] Two eyewitnesses later alleged that Johnson and Symonds attended, contradicting Johnson’s insistence in December 2021 that there were “no parties”.[576][574] At first, Johnson did not deny that he attended.[577]
On 12 January 2022, Johnson apologised to MPs in the Commons for “attending an event in the Downing Street garden during the first lockdown”,[578][579] stating he believed it was “a work event”.[580] He said that MPs should await the outcome of the independent inquiry into Westminster lockdown parties, led by senior civil servant Sue Gray, which he said “will report as soon as possible”.[581] There were immediate calls across the House for Johnson to resign, voiced mainly by the leaders of the opposition parties. Later, Scottish Conservative leader Douglas Ross and other Conservative MPs expressed their agreement.[581][582]
On 19 January, Bury South MP Christian Wakeford defected from the Conservative Party to the Labour Party.[583] At the end of Prime Minister’s Questions, Conservative former minister David Davis called for Johnson to resign, quoting Leo Amery calling on Neville Chamberlain to resign during the Norway Debate in 1940, and saying: “You have sat there too long for all the good you have done.[584][585]
On 25 January, the Metropolitan Police‘s chief commander, Cressida Dick, announced that they were commencing investigations into the Downing Street Parties. Dick stated that “potential breaches of Covid-19 regulations” at Downing Street and Whitehall over the last two years would be looked into.[586]
An abbreviated version of the Sue Gray report into the controversy was released on 31 January, where Gray concluded there was a “failure of leadership” over the events that she had examined. The full report has not yet been released pending the Metropolitan Police’s investigation.[587]
In early February 2022, four of Johnson’s senior aides resigned: Dan Rosenfield (chief of staff), Martin Reynolds (principal private secretary), Munira Mirza (head of policy) and Jack Doyle (director of communications).[588]
Starmer slur controversy
The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article or section appears to be slanted towards recent events. Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events. (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) While speaking in the House of Commons on 31 January 2022, Johnson falsely blamed Starmer for the non-prosecution of serial sex offender Jimmy Savile when Starmer was Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) in the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS). Johnson received criticism for the comment and his policy adviser, Munira Mirza, resigned three days later, saying in her resignation letter that Johnson had made “a scurrilous accusation” against Starmer.[589] On 3 February, during an interview with Sky News, Johnson defended his comments, stating that in 2013, Starmer apologised because the CPS had not investigated Savile; however, Johnson then said: “I totally understand that he [Starmer] had nothing to do personally with those decisions”.[590]
On 7 February, while Starmer and his colleague David Lammy were leaving Parliament, they were ambushed by a group of people who shouted abuse at Starmer including the words “traitor” and “Jimmy Savile”. Two people, a man and a woman, were arrested after a traffic cone was thrown at police officers. Johnson tweeted that it was “absolutely disgraceful” and thanked the police for acting swiftly.[591] Shayan Sardarizadeh for BBC Monitoring said that the protest was an attempt to recreate the Ottowa “freedom convoy” protests in the UK, and noted that the activists’ references to Magna Carta indicated that the protesters were members of the sovereign citizen movement.[591] Julian Smith, the former chief whip, and Simon Hoare were among Conservatives who called for Johnson to apologise. MP Kim Leadbeater and Brendan Cox, the sister and husband of murdered MP Jo Cox, warned against politicians lending credence to far-right conspiracy theories.[592] [593] The following day, a Downing Street source said that Johnson would not apologise for his false claim.[594] Death threats sent to Starmer following this episode were later investigated by the police.[595]
Environmental policies
In November 2020, Johnson announced a 10-point plan for a “green industrial revolution”, which would include the end the sale of petrol and diesel cars and vans by 2030,[e] quadruple the amount of offshore wind power capacity within a decade, fund a variety of emissions-cutting proposals, and spurn a proposed green post-COVID recovery.[597] In 2021, the UK government under Johnson’s leadership announced plans to cut carbon emissions by 78% by 2035.[598]
Johnson announced that the UK would join the Global Methane Pledge to cut methane emissions by 30% by the year of 2030 at the COP26 summit, which the UK hosted.[599][600] Before the summit, representatives of Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth criticised Johnson’s comments on plans to introduce “enforceable limits” on carbon emissions for other countries, which they accused of being unsubstantive[601] and his government faced criticism from environmental groups for cutting taxes on domestic air travel, given the environmental impact of aviation.[602] He was accused of hypocrisy, by Anneliese Dodds of the Labour Party and others, for flying by a chartered private jet during COP26 to attend a reunion of Telegraph journalists at the Garrick Club.[603][604]
Foreign policy
Further information: List of international prime ministerial trips made by Boris JohnsonJohnson with US President Donald Trump at the G7 summit in Biarritz, 26 August 2019
Johnson supported the European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement,[605] which would form one of the world’s largest free trade areas.[606] Johnson’s government placed importance on maintaining the “Special Relationship” with the United States.[607][608]Johnson and Russian President Vladimir Putin at the Berlin Conference on Libya, 19 January 2020
Chagos dispute
The United Kingdom and Mauritius dispute the sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean.[609] In February 2019, the International Court of Justice in The Hague issued an advisory opinion stating that the UK must transfer the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius. In June 2020, 30 British MPs – including Labour, SNP and Liberal Democrats – signed a letter calling on Prime Minister Johnson to act immediately on the ICJ ruling.[610] Johnson disputed Mauritian claims to sovereignty over the Chagos.[611]
Hong Kong and China
Johnson said in July 2019 that his government would be very “pro-China” in an interview with the Hong Kong broadcaster Phoenix TV. He voiced support for Chinese President Xi Jinping‘s infrastructure investment effort, the Belt and Road Initiative, and promised to keep the United Kingdom “the most open economy in Europe” for Chinese investment.[612]
On 3 June 2020, Johnson announced that if China were to continue pursuing the Hong Kong national security law, the UK would offer 350,000 Hong Kong residents who are British National (Overseas) passport holders, and 2.6 million other eligible individuals, the chance to move to the UK, with the possibility of later applying for citizenship.[613] China accused the UK of interfering in its internal affairs.[614]
The UK joined the AUKUS defence pact with the United States and Australia in September 2021, which was interpreted as aiming to counter Chinese power in the Indo-Pacific region. The pact was denounced by China[615] and caused backlash French officials, as it usurped existing plans for Australia to procure French submarines.[616] Johnson was dismissive of this, saying the pact was not intended to be adversarial towards China, and said that French officials should “prenez un grip about this and donnez-moi un break”.[617]
Afghanistan
On 8 July 2021, the day after saying he was “apprehensive” about the future of Afghanistan following what was then the impending withdrawal of US troops, whilst announcing the near completion of British troop withdrawal from Afghanistan, Johnson expressed the view that there was “no military path to victory for the Taliban“.[618][619] A few weeks later, following the fall of Kabul to the Taliban, he blamed the United States for the crisis caused by the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan,[620][621] saying that NATO alliance members “could not continue this US-led mission, a mission conceived and executed in support of America, without American logistics, without US air power and without American might”.[622]
UK–EU trade negotiation
Main articles: Trade deal negotiation between the UK and EU and EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement
Following the formal withdrawal from the European Union in January 2020, Johnson’s government entered trade negotiations with the EU to agree on their future relationship before the end of the transition period on 31 December 2020.[623] Fisheries was a major topic of the negotiations.[623][624] On 16 October 2020 Johnson said that the UK “must get ready” for no trade deal with the EU.[625] With negotiations continuing until days before the deadline, it was announced on 24 December 2020 that a trade deal had been agreed.[626] Entitled the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, it came into force provisionally on 1 January 2021, and formally on 1 May. A fisheries dispute between the UK and France occurred shortly afterwards. Introduction of new UK border checks were delayed until 2022 to minimise the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[623]
Ukraine
Johnson and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky in Kyiv on 2 February 2022
Johnson warned that the European Union faces “a choice” between “sticking up for Ukraine” and approving the Nord Stream 2 natural gas pipeline which runs from Russia to Europe.[627]
During the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis, Johnson’s government warned the Russian Government not to invade Donbas.[628][629][630] Despite this, Johnson’s Foreign Secretary Liz Truss told BBC News that British troops were “unlikely” to be deployed.[631] In a phone call to President Vladimir Putin, Johnson urged him to “avoid bloodshed”.[632] Johnson and Putin agreed in a phone call to work towards a “peaceful resolution”.[633] On 1 February 2022, Johnson arrived in Kyiv on a diplomatic visit.[634] He called the presence of the Russian Armed Forces near the Russia–Ukraine border “the biggest security crisis that Europe has faced for decades”.[635] The Kremlin has denied any plans to invade Ukraine.[635] On 14 February 2022, Johnson warned an invasion of Ukraine could take place within 48 hours.[636]
Electoral Performance for the House of Commons
1997 general election, Clwyd South
This section is transcluded from Clwyd South (UK Parliament constituency). (edit | history)
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Martyn Jones 22,901 58.1 N/A Conservative Boris Johnson 9,091 23.1 N/A Liberal Democrats Andrew Chadwick 3,684 9.4 N/A Plaid Cymru Gareth Williams 2,500 6.3 N/A Referendum Alex Lewis 1,207 3.1 N/A Majority 13,810 35.0 N/A Turnout 39,383 73.6 N/A Registered electors 53,495 Labour win (new seat) 2001 general election, Henley
This section is transcluded from Henley (UK Parliament constituency). (edit | history)
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Boris Johnson 20,466 46.1 –0.3 Liberal Democrats Catherine Bearder 12,008 27.0 +2.3 Labour Janet Matthews 9,367 21.1 –1.6 UKIP Philip Collings 1,413 3.2 New Green Oliver Tickell 1,147 2.6 +1.6 Majority 8,458 19.1 –2.6 Turnout 44,401 64.3 –13.3 Conservative hold Swing –1.3 2005 general election, Henley
This section is transcluded from Henley (UK Parliament constituency). (edit | history)
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Boris Johnson 24,894 53.5 +7.4 Liberal Democrats David Turner 12,101 26.0 –1.0 Labour Kaleem Saeed 6,862 14.7 –6.4 Green Mark Stevenson 1,518 3.3 +0.7 UKIP Delphine Gray-Fisk 1,162 2.5 –0.7 Majority 12,793 27.5 +8.4 Turnout 46,537 67.9 +3.6 Conservative hold Swing +4.2 2015 general election, Uxbridge and South Ruislip
This section is transcluded from Uxbridge and South Ruislip (UK Parliament constituency). (edit | history)
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Boris Johnson 22,511 50.2 1.9 Labour Chris Summers[645] 11,816 26.4 3.0 UKIP Jack Duffin 6,346 14.2 11.5 Liberal Democrats Michael Cox 2,215 4.9 14.9 Green Graham Lee[646] 1,414 3.2 2.1 TUSC Gary Harbord[647] 180 0.4 New Independent Jenny Thompson[648] 84 0.2 New Monster Raving Loony Howling Laud Hope[649] 72 0.2 New Communities United Sabrina Moosun[648] 52 0.1 New The Eccentric Party of Great Britain (UK) Lord Toby Jug[648] 50 0.1 New Independent Michael Doherty[648] 39 0.1 New The Realists’ Party Jane Lawrence[648] 18 0.0 New Independent James Jackson[648] 14 0.0 New Majority 10,695 23.8 1.1 Turnout 44,811 63.4 0.1 Registered electors 70,631 Conservative hold Swing 0.5 2017 general election, Uxbridge and South Ruislip
This section is transcluded from Uxbridge and South Ruislip (UK Parliament constituency). (edit | history)
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Boris Johnson 23,716 50.8 0.6 Labour Vincent Lo 18,682 40.0 13.6 Liberal Democrats Rosina Robson 1,835 3.9 1.0 UKIP Lizzy Kemp 1,577 3.4 10.8 Green Mark Keir 884 1.9 1.3 Majority 5,034 10.8 13.0 Turnout 46,694 66.8 3.4 Registered electors 69,936 Conservative hold Swing 6.5 2019 general election, Uxbridge and South Ruislip
This section is transcluded from Uxbridge and South Ruislip (UK Parliament constituency). (edit | history)
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Boris Johnson 25,351 52.6 1.8 Labour Ali Milani 18,141 37.6 2.4 Liberal Democrats Joanne Humphreys 3,026 6.3 2.4 Green Mark Keir 1,090 2.2 0.3 UKIP Geoffrey Courtenay 283 0.6 2.8 Monster Raving Loony Lord Buckethead 125 0.3 New Independent Count Binface 69 0.1 New Independent Alfie Utting 44 0.1 New [652] Yace “Interplanetary Time Lord” Yogenstein 23 0.0 New Independent Norma Burke 22 0.0 New [652] Bobby Smith 8 0.0 New [652] William Tobin[653] 5 0.0 New Majority 7,210 15.0 4.2 Turnout 48,187 68.5 1.7 Registered electors 70,369 Conservative hold Swing 2.1 Political positions and ideology
Part of the Conservatism series One-nation conservatism showIdeas showPeople showDocuments showOrganisations Conservatism portal Politics portal United Kingdom portal vte Johnson at a demonstration against hospital closures with Liberal Democrat MP John Hemming (left) and Conservative MP Graham Stuart (centre) in March 2006
Ideologically, Johnson has been described by himself and others as a “One-Nation Tory“.[654][655][656] In 2012, the political scientist Tony Travers described Johnson as “a fairly classic—that is, small-state—mildly eurosceptic Conservative” who, like his contemporaries Cameron and George Osborne, also embraced “modern social liberalism”.[657] The Guardian stated that while mayor, Johnson blended economic and social liberalism,[658] with The Economist saying that in doing so Johnson “transcends his Tory identity” and adopts a more libertarian perspective.[659] Stuart Reid, Johnson’s colleague at The Spectator, described the latter’s views as being those of a “liberal libertarian”.[660] Business Insider commented that as London mayor, Johnson gained a reputation as “a liberal, centre-ground politician”.[661]
Gimson wrote that Johnson is economically and socially “a genuine liberal”, although he retains a “Tory element” to his personality through his “love of existing institutions, and a recognition of the inevitability of hierarchy”.[662] His liberal stance on matters such as social policy, immigration and free trade were also commented on in 2019.[663][664] In 2019, Al Jazeera editor James Brownswell said that although Johnson had “leaned to the right” since the Brexit campaign, he remained “slightly more socially liberal” than much of his party.[665] In 2019, former Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party Michael Heseltine said Johnson “has no right to call himself a one-nation Conservative” and wrote: “I fear that any traces of liberal conservatism that still exist within the prime minister have long since been captured by the rightwing, foreigner-bashing, inward-looking view of the world that has come to characterise his fellow Brexiters.”[666]
“[I am] free-market, tolerant, broadly libertarian (though perhaps not ultra-libertarian), inclined to see the merit of traditions, anti-regulation, pro-immigrant, pro-standing on your own two feet, pro-alcohol, pro-hunting, pro-motorist and ready to defend to the death the right of Glenn Hoddle to believe in reincarnation“.
—Boris Johnson, 2011[151]
Stuart Wilks-Heeg, executive director of Democratic Audit, said that “Boris is politically nimble”,[657] while Purnell stated that Johnson regularly changed his opinion on political issues, commenting on what she perceived to be “an ideological emptiness beneath the staunch Tory exterior”.[667] She later referred to his “opportunistic – some might say pragmatic – approach to politics”.[15]
Writing for Prospect, Philip Collins suggested that Johnson and other Brexiteers in the Conservative Party were “British Gaullists” who were “drawing on a conception of the nation in which the dormant spirit of liberty is being reborn”. He suggested this was a form of nationalism, albeit not of the “chauvinistic” variety.[668] In Politico, Michael Hirsch compared Johnson to Trump, suggesting that both were advocates of a “New Nationalism”.[669] Johnson responded he is “not a nationalist if by that you mean I’m a xenophobe or someone who deprecates other countries and cultures”.[670]
Purnell has argued Johnson “is nothing if not an elitist”.[671] In a 2000 article titled “Long Live Elitism”, Johnson stated that “without elites and elitism, man would still be in his caves”.[672] Since the Brexit campaign, he has criticised the “cynicism of the elite” about Brexit,[673] described an “elite conspiracy to thwart Brexit”,[674] and accused the elite of being “frankly indifferent to the suffering that their policies are causing”.[675] Some media sources and political scientists have therefore called him a populist.[676][677][678] The historian Sir Richard J. Evans has described Boris Johnson as “a firm believer in the ‘great man’ theory of history”.[679]
Environment
Johnson spoke about climate action at the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow on 1 November 2021
According to TheyWorkForYou, Johnson has “generally voted against” what it described as “measures to prevent climate change” while an MP.[680][681][682] Former Minister of State for Energy and Clean Growth Claire O’Neill has said that Johnson has “admitted to [her] that he doesn’t really understand” climate change.[683] While Mayor of London, Johnson expressed climate skeptical views in several columns.[684][681][685] In two Daily Telegraph columns published in 2012 and 2013, he conflated the distinction between weather and climate and highlighted a factually incorrect claim by weather forecaster and conspiracy theorist Piers Corbyn that reduced solar activity could lead to a “mini-Ice Age”.[680][685] Bloomberg suggested that Johnson’s interest in climate change increased after becoming Prime Minister, and suggested this could have been influenced by his wife Carrie Symonds and father Stanley Johnson, who are both environmental campaigners.[683] It was reported in 2022 that Johnson was convinced of the scientific consensus on climate change following a briefing by the chief scientist of the Met Office in January 2020, and subsequently made the issue a priority for his government.[684]
In 2019, Johnson expressed support for a legal commitment for the UK to achieve “net-zero” greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.[686] In 2020, he called on world leaders to act on climate change, said he was a “complete evangelist” for carbon capture and storage[687] and said “as Saudi Arabia is to oil, the UK is to wind“.[688] In a speech at the United Nations General Assembly in September 2021, Johnson called for increased climate finance and celebrated the creation of the first green bond in the UK that collected £10bn in one day.[689] He called on world leaders to increase ambition to mitigate climate change at the COP26 climate conference which the UK hosted, and said that he welcomed the prospect of coal phase-out.[690][691]
Immigration and the European Union
Johnson with EU Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker, 16 September 2019
Purnell believed it was the influence of Johnson’s maternal family, the left-wing Fawcetts, that led to him developing “a genuine abhorrence of racial discrimination”.[692] In 2003, Johnson said of the EU, “I am not by any means an ultra-Eurosceptic. In some ways, I am a bit of a fan of the European Union. If we did not have one, we would invent something like it.”[693] As Mayor of London, Johnson was known as a supporter of immigration.[693] From 2009, he advocated a referendum on Britain’s EU membership.[693][694][695]
In 2018, during the Brexit negotiations, he called for Britain to leave the Single Market[693] and advocated a more liberal approach to immigration than that of Prime Minister Theresa May.[696] He stated many people believed that Britain’s EU membership had led to the suppression of the wages of its “indigenous” people and said the EU was intent on creating a “superstate” that would seek to rob Britain of its sovereignty.[693] In 2019, Johnson said he would take Britain out of the EU on 31 October whether there was a trade deal in place or not.[697] Johnson also stated his opposition to a referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement.[698]
On 19 August 2019, Johnson wrote a letter to the EU and asked for the removal of the “backstop” accord, which had previously been agreed and signed by Theresa May during her premiership. The president of the European Council, Donald Tusk, rejected the proposal.[699] On 26 August 2019, Johnson said that Britain would not pay £39 billion for the withdrawal agreement were the UK to leave without a deal on 31 October. The European Parliament Brexit coordinator Guy Verhofstadt said there would be no further negotiation on the trade deal unless the UK agreed to pay the entire sum.[700]
Unionism and devolution
Speaking in Northern Ireland, Johnson described himself as a “fervent and passionate unionist“.[701] He proposed building a bridge or tunnel between Scotland and Northern Ireland, but has since scrapped this initiative.[702]
The devolved administrations have criticised the Internal Market Bill for its re-centralisation of control over commerce, reversing the devolution of power in the United Kingdom.[703] In 2020, Johnson reportedly said that “devolution has been a disaster” in Scotland, and said Scottish devolution was Tony Blair‘s “biggest mistake”.[704] He later clarified he was merely criticising the “performance of devolution” in Scotland under the SNP and did not “oppose devolution as a concept in itself”.[705]
Public persona
Johnson posing with an Aston Martin painted with the Union Flag in 2017
Often known simply as Boris,[706] Johnson has attracted a variety of nicknames, including “BoJo”, a portmanteau of his forename and surname.[707] Biographer Sonia Purnell described his public persona as “brand Boris”, noting he developed it while at the University of Oxford.[708] Max Hastings referred to this public image as a “façade resembling that of P. G. Wodehouse‘s Gussie Fink-Nottle, allied to wit, charm, brilliance and startling flashes of instability”,[709] while political scientist Andrew Crines stated Johnson displayed “the character of a likable and trustworthy individual with strong intellectual capital”.[710] Private Eye editor Ian Hislop has defined him as “Beano Boris” due to his perceived comical nature, saying: “He’s our Berlusconi … He’s the only feel-good politician we have, everyone else is too busy being responsible.”[711] To the journalist Dave Hill, Johnson was “a unique figure in British politics, an unprecedented blend of comedian, conman, faux subversive showman and populist media confection”.[712]
Johnson purposely cultivates a “semi-shambolic look”,[713] for instance, by specifically ruffling his hair in a certain way when he makes public appearances.[714] Purnell described him as “a manic self-promoter” who has filled his life with “fun and jokes”.[715] Described by Crines as “a joker”,[710] Johnson has said that “humour is a utensil that you can use to sugar the pill and to get important points across”.[715] Purnell wrote colleagues regularly expressed the view that Johnson used people to advance his own interests,[716] and Gimson wrote that Johnson was “one of the great flatterers of our times”.[717] Purnell commented he deflected serious questions using “a little humour and a good deal of bravado”.[718] According to Gimson, Johnson was “a humane man” who “could also be staggeringly inconsiderate of others” when pursuing his own interests.[719] Gimson added Johnson has “an excessive desire to be liked”.[720]
Biographer Sonia Purnell wrote in 2011:
“Boris is an original—the opposite of a stereotype, the exception to the rule. Overweight and goosey-fleshed, he’s the antithesis of an airbrushed pin-up. He resembles a ‘human laundry-basket’ and has a habit of forgetting to shower.[667] He is blessed with immense charisma, wit, sex appeal and celebrity gold dust; he is also recognised and loved by millions—although perhaps less so by many who have had to work closely with him (let alone depend on him). Resourceful, cunning and strategic, he can pull off serious political coups when the greater good happens to coincide with his personal advantage but these aspirations are rarely backed up by concrete achievements, or even detailed plans”.[721]
Furthermore, Purnell said Johnson was a “highly evasive figure” when it came to his personal life,[722] who remained detached from others and who had very few if any intimate friends.[723] Among friends and family, Johnson is more commonly known as Al (short for his forename Alexander), rather than his middle name Boris.[724] Gimson stated Johnson “has very bad manners. He tends to be late, does not care about being late, and dresses without much care.”[725] Highly ambitious and very competitive, Johnson was, Gimson wrote, born “to wage a ceaseless struggle for supremacy”.[726] He would be angered with those he thought insulted aspects of his personal life; for instance, when an article in The Telegraph upset Johnson, he emailed commissioning editor Sam Leith with the simple message “Fuck off and die.”[727] Thus, according to Purnell, Johnson hides his ruthlessness “using bumbling, self-deprecation or humour”,[728] and was a fan of “laddish banter and crude sexual references”.[729]
Laura Kuenssberg wrote in December 2021 that public perceptions of Johnson had been damaged by a series of controversies related to Westminster Christmas parties during the COVID-19 pandemic, Owen Paterson, and a Downing Street refurbishment.[730]
The former Speaker of the House of Commons, John Bercow, appearing in a Sky News programme, “The Great Debate”, described Johnson as “ritually dishonest” and the worst of the twelve prime ministers he had known, with no redeeming features.[731]
Personal life
Since Johnson was born in New York City to British parents, he first held British-American dual citizenship. In 2014, he acknowledged he was disputing a demand for capital gains tax from the US tax authorities on a property that he inherited in the United Kingdom,[732][733] which ultimately he paid.[734] In February 2015, he announced his intention to renounce his US citizenship to demonstrate his loyalty to the UK,[735] which he did in 2016.[736] Johnson has a knowledge of French, Italian, German, Spanish,[89] Latin, and Ancient Greek,[737] frequently employing and alluding to classical references in both his newspaper columns and his speeches.[708] His favourite movie is The Godfather, due to “the multiple retribution killings at the end”.[738]
In 2007, Johnson said he had smoked cannabis before he went to university.[739] He has also said he had used cocaine.[740]
Religion
Johnson speaking at Westminster Abbey’sCommonwealth Day Service, 2020
Johnson was baptised a Catholic and later confirmed into the Church of England,[52] but has said that his faith “comes and goes”[741] and that he is not a serious practising Christian.[742] In 2020, his son Wilfred was baptised Catholic, prompting suggestions that Johnson had returned to Catholicism.[743] Johnson and Symonds married in a Catholic ceremony at Westminster Cathedral on 29 May 2021.[744] To be married in the Catholic Church, Johnson needed to have his two previous marriages proven to be invalid by reason of lack of canonical form. Since he was baptised Catholic, but his previous weddings were not conferred by the Catholic Church, they are considered putatively invalid.[745][746]
Johnson holds ancient Greek statesman and orator Pericles as a personal hero.[747][748] According to Johnson’s biographer, Andrew Gimson, regarding ancient Greek and Roman polytheism: “it is clear that [Johnson] is inspired by the Romans, and even more by the Greeks, and repelled by the early Christians“.[749] Johnson views secular humanism positively and sees it as owing more to the classical world than to Christian thinking.[750] However, in 2021, Johnson was asked if he held pre-Christian beliefs, which he denied, saying, “Christianity is a superb ethical system and I would count myself as a kind of very, very bad Christian[.] No disrespect to any other religions, but Christianity makes a lot of sense to me.”[751]
Relationships
Children of Boris Johnson by Marina Wheeler Lara Lettice Johnson-Wheeler (b. 1993)
Milo Arthur Johnson (b. 1995)
Cassia Peaches Johnson (b. 1997)
Theodore Apollo Johnson (b. 1999)by Helen Macintyre Stephanie Macintyre (b. 2009) by Carrie Symonds Wilfred Lawrie Nicholas Johnson (b. 2020)
Romy Iris Charlotte Johnson (b. 2021)[752][753][754] Johnson with his then-fiancée Carrie Symonds at the 2020 Commonwealth Day service
In 1987, Johnson married Allegra Mostyn-Owen, daughter of the art historian William Mostyn-Owen and Italian writer Gaia Servadio.[755] The couple’s marriage ended in divorce or annulment in 1993[f] and 12 days later Johnson married Marina Wheeler, a barrister, daughter of journalist and broadcaster Charles Wheeler.[759] Five weeks later, Wheeler and Johnson’s first child was born.[760][761] The Wheeler and Johnson families have known each other for decades,[762] and Marina Wheeler was at the European School, Brussels, at the same time as her future husband. They have four children: Lara Lettice, Milo Arthur, Cassia Peaches, and Theodore Apollo.[763]
Between 2000 and 2004, Johnson had an affair with Spectator columnist Petronella Wyatt when he was its editor, resulting in a terminated pregnancy and a miscarriage.[176] In April 2006, the News of the World alleged that Johnson was having an affair with Guardian journalist Anna Fazackerley. The pair did not comment and shortly afterwards Johnson employed Fazackerley.[187][188]
In 2009, Johnson fathered a daughter with Helen Macintyre, an arts consultant. In 2013, the Court of Appeal discharged an injunction banning reporting of his daughter’s existence. The judge ruled the public had a right to know about Johnson’s “reckless” behaviour.[225][764][765] There had been speculation that he may have had another child from an extramarital affair due to an appeal court judge stating in 2013, “the father’s infidelities resulted in the conception of children on two occasions”.[766] In September 2021, after years of obfuscation, Johnson stated that he had six children, thereby denying the existence of any further illegitimate children.[767]
In September 2018, Johnson and Wheeler issued a statement confirming that after 25 years of marriage they had separated “several months ago”, and had begun divorce proceedings.[768] They reached a financial settlement in February 2020,[769] and the divorce was finalised by November 2020.[770]
In October 2020, Jennifer Arcuri, asked whether her ‘friendship’ with Johnson was in fact an affair, said “I think that goes without saying … But I’m not going to talk about it.”[771] In March 2021, she went into more detail about the alleged affair in an interview with the Sunday Mirror, saying it lasted from 2012 to 2016.[772][773]
In 2019, Johnson was living with Carrie Symonds, the daughter of Matthew Symonds, co-founder of The Independent newspaper. Symonds had worked for the Conservative party since 2009 and worked on Johnson’s 2012 campaign to be re-elected as Mayor.[774] On 29 February 2020, Johnson and Symonds announced they had become engaged in late 2019, and that Symonds was expecting a baby in early summer.[775] Their son, Wilfred Lawrie Nicholas Johnson,[776] was born on 29 April 2020 at University College Hospital in London.[777][778]
On 29 May 2021, Johnson married Symonds in a secret ceremony at Westminster Cathedral attended by 30 guests,[744][779] becoming the first prime minister to marry in office since Lord Liverpool married Mary Chester in 1822.[780] On 31 July 2021, it was announced that they were expecting their second child together after Carrie suffered a miscarriage earlier that year.[781] Their daughter, Romy Iris Charlotte Johnson,[782] was born on 9 December 2021 at an NHS London hospital.[783]
Family and ancestors
Boris and his younger brother Leo in 2013
Johnson is the eldest of the four children of Stanley Johnson, a former Conservative member of the European Parliament and an employee of the European Commission and the World Bank, and the painter Charlotte Johnson Wahl (née Fawcett),[21] the daughter of Sir James Fawcett, a barrister[784][785] and president of the European Commission of Human Rights.[786] His younger siblings are Rachel Johnson, a writer and journalist; Leo Johnson, a partner specialising in sustainability at accountancy firm PricewaterhouseCoopers;[787] and Jo Johnson, ex-minister of state and former Conservative MP for Orpington, who resigned from his brother’s government in September 2019[468] and is now a member of the House of Lords. Johnson’s stepmother, Jenny, the second wife of his father Stanley, is the stepdaughter of Teddy Sieff, the former chairman of Marks & Spencer.[788] Having been a member of the Conservatives between 2008 and 2011, Rachel Johnson joined the Liberal Democrats in 2017.[789] She stood as a candidate for Change UK in the 2019 European Elections.[790] Johnson also has two half-siblings, Julia and Maximilian, through his father’s later marriage to Jennifer Kidd.[791][792]
Johnson’s paternal great-grandfather was the Ottoman Interior Minister and journalist Ali Kemal who was of Turkish origin[793][794][795] and a secular Muslim. Johnson’s paternal grandfather, Wilfred Johnson, Ali Kemal’s son, was an RAF pilot in Coastal Command during the Second World War.[796] His father’s other ancestry includes English, German and French; one of his German ancestors was said to be the illegitimate daughter of Prince Paul of Württemberg and thus a descendant of King George II of Great Britain.[797] This would make him and Elizabeth II sixth cousins twice removed. Through Mary of Teck‘s connection to Duke Frederick II Eugene of Württemberg, they would in that case also have a closer genealogical link as fifth cousins twice removed. Johnson’s mother is the granddaughter of Elias Avery Lowe, a palaeographer, who was a Russian Jewish immigrant to the US,[798] and Pennsylvania-born Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter, a translator of Thomas Mann.[799] Referring to his varied ancestry, Johnson has described himself as a “one-man melting pot” with a combination of Abrahamic religious great-grandparents.[800] Johnson was given the middle name “Boris” after a White Russian émigré named Boris Litwin, who was a friend of his parents.[20] An episode of Who Do You Think You Are? explored the German origins of his middle name Pfeffel.[5][801][802] Through this family line, Johnson is a descendant in the seventh generation of Anna Catharina Bischoff, whose mummified corpse was found in 1975 and identified in 2018.[803][804]
Reception
In 2011, Purnell described Johnson as “the most unconventional, yet compelling politician of the post-Blair era” and that he was “beloved by millions and recognised by all”.[722] Giles Edwards and Jonathan Isaby commented Johnson appealed to “a broad cross-section of the public”,[805] with his friends characterising him as a “Heineken Tory” who can appeal to voters that other Conservatives cannot (a reference to the Heineken beer advertisement).[10] Gimson expressed the view that “people love him because he makes them laugh”,[9] noting that he had become “the darling of the Tory rank and file”.[806]A protest following the Cambridge Analytica scandal, 29 March 2018
Purnell recognised that during the 2008 mayoral election he was “polarising opinions to the extreme”,[807] with critics viewing him as “variously evil, a clown, a racist and a bigot”.[14] Writing in The Guardian, journalist Polly Toynbee referred to him as a “jester, toff, self-absorbed sociopath and serial liar”,[808] while Labour politician Hazel Blears called him “a nasty right-wing elitist, with odious views and criminal friends”.[12] He was accused of sexism and homophobia by social media users and members of the LGBT community after referring to Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn as “a big girl’s blouse”[809][810] and former prime minister David Cameron as a “girly swot”.[811] Cameron has said of Johnson: “The thing about the greased piglet is that he manages to slip through other people’s hands where mere mortals fail.”[812]
From 2016, Johnson evoked comparisons (both ideological and physical) with United States President Donald Trump.[813][814][815][816] In June 2016, Nick Clegg described him as “like Donald Trump with a thesaurus”,[817] while fellow Conservative MP Kenneth Clarke described him as a “nicer Donald Trump”.[818] Trump acknowledged the comparison, saying British people refer to Johnson as “Britain Trump”.[819] Johnson was critical of Trump on several occasions before Trump’s election;[312][820] he praised Trump as president,[821] but disagreed with some of his policies.[822][823]
Johnson has been described as a divisive and controversial figure in British politics.[824][7][8] In 2018, The Economist described Johnson as “the most irresponsible politician the country has seen for many years”.[825] In 2019, The Irish Times described him as “a deeply polarising figure, cherished by many older Conservatives but viewed by others as a serial liar and an amoral opportunist who sold Brexit to the British people on the basis of false promises”.[16] In 2019, Johnson’s former boss at The Daily Telegraph Max Hastings described him as “a brilliant entertainer”, but accused him of “[caring] for no interest save his own fame and gratification”, criticised his leadership abilities and described him as “unfit for national office”.[826]
Johnson has been accused of lying or making untruthful or misleading statements throughout his career.[827] BBC News described this as a strategy to “bamboozle the listener with a blizzard of verbiage”,[828] and a 2021 analysis in The Atlantic suggested Johnson’s communication style was a honed political skill that contributed to his popularity.[816] In 2019, The Independent listed his “most notorious untruths”, which included fabricating a quote whilst at The Times for which he was sacked, creating euromyths while working for The Daily Telegraph in Brussels, misrepresenting events during the Hillsborough disaster while the editor of The Spectator, lying to Michael Howard about his extramarital affair and promising that leaving the EU would provide £350 million per week for the NHS.[829] The Guardian noted that Johnson “almost never corrects the record in the chamber” and that while Johnson’s spokespeople insist he follows the Ministerial Code of which honesty is part of, “No 10 will sometimes acknowledge that an error was made, but more usually brushes aside the complaint or argues that Johnson was misunderstood”.[830] In 2021, the political journalist and author Peter Oborne published a book about the lies told by Johnson, in which he wrote “I have never encountered a senior British politician who lies and fabricates so regularly, so shamelessly and so systematically as Boris Johnson”.[831] Opposition MPs Dawn Butler and Ian Blackford have both openly called Johnson a liar in the House of Commons.[832][833] Laura Kuenssberg, political editor for BBC News, noted that it was “rare for opposition parties to accuse a prime minister, on the record, of lying”.[828] In January 2022, Johnson was accused of lying by Labour leader Keir Starmer, after he admitted attending a Downing Street party during lockdown in May 2020.[834][failed verification] Speaking in the Commons on 31 January 2022, Johnson made a false accusation against Starmer about not prosecuting the serial sex offender Jimmy Savile when Starmer was Director of Public Prosecutions.[835][836][837]
Allegations of racism and Islamophobia
See also: Racism in the UK Conservative Party and Islamophobia in the UK Conservative Party (1997–present)
In August 2018, The Daily Telegraph published a satirical article by Johnson criticising the then newly implemented Danish law against the wearing of the burqa or niqab. In it, he defended the right of women to wear whatever they chose. He agreed the burqa is oppressive and that “it is weird and bullying to expect women to cover their faces” and also commented that he could “find no scriptural authority for the practice in the Koran” and that it seemed “absolutely ridiculous that people should choose to go around looking like letter boxes” and that “[i]f a female student turned up at school or at a university lecture looking like a bank robber” that he “should feel fully entitled—like Jack Straw—to ask her to remove it so that [he] could talk to her properly.”[838] The Muslim Council of Britain (MCM) accused Johnson of “pandering to the far right”, while Conservative peer Baroness Warsi accused him of dog-whistle politics.[839][840] Several senior Conservatives, including May, called on Johnson to apologise.[841][842] Others, such as MP Nadine Dorries, argued that his comments did not go far enough and that face veils should be banned.[843] A Sky News poll found 60% thought Johnson’s comments were not racist, to 33% who did; 48% thought he should not apologise, while 45% thought he should.[844] An independent panel was set up to review Johnson’s comments.[845] In December, the panel cleared him of wrongdoing, stating that while his language could be considered “provocative”, he was “respectful and tolerant” and was fully entitled to use “satire” to make his point.[846]
Writing for the Telegraph in 2002, Johnson referred to a visit by then prime minister Tony Blair: “What a relief it must be for Blair to get out of England. It is said that the Queen has come to love the Commonwealth, partly because it supplies her with regular cheering crowds of flag-waving piccaninnies“, in the same article he referred to African people as having “watermelon smiles”.[847]
In his 2004 comic novel Seventy-Two Virgins, Johnson described the thoughts of a black parking inspector who had been subjected to racist abuse: “Faced with such disgusting behaviour, some traffic wardens respond with a merciless taciturnity. The louder the rant of the traffic offenders, the more acute are the wardens’ feelings of pleasure that they, the stakeless, the outcasts, the niggers, are a valued part of the empire of law, and in a position to chastise the arrogance and selfishness of the indigenous people.” In the same book, the narrator refers to the media being controlled by Jewish oligarchs.[848]
In September 2019, Labour MP Tanmanjeet Singh Dhesi called on Johnson to apologise for the comments he had made about burqa-wearing Muslim women in the Telegraph. Johnson declined to apologise, stating that his remarks had come as part of a “strong liberal defence of everybody’s right to wear whatever they want.”[849]
According to Dave Hill in The Guardian, Johnson’s views on Islam have evolved. After the 2005 bombings, he questioned the loyalty of British Muslims and said Islamophobia was a “natural reaction”. But by 2008, he blamed terrorism on a minority of Muslims who distort the Qur’an. And in 2009, he urged Britons to visit their local mosques and learn more about Islam.[850]
Depictions
See also: Category:Cultural depictions of Boris Johnson
The political career of Johnson has been the subject of several television docudramas:
- Stuart McQuarrie in the 2005 television film A Very Social Secretary[851]
- Christian Brassington in the More4 drama documentary When Boris Met Dave[852]
- Will Barton in the 2017 BBC-produced drama Theresa vs. Boris: How May Became PM[853][854]
- Richard Goulding in the 2019 HBO and Channel 4 drama Brexit: The Uncivil War[855][856]
Johnson’s bumbling mannerisms and distinctive hairstyle have also made him the subject of parody:
- In the 2008–2012 children’s TV cartoon series Ben and Holly’s Little Kingdom, the mayor of Fairy Town, voiced by Alexander Armstrong, is based on Johnson, who was mayor of London at the time.
- Johnson is voiced by Lewis MacLeod in the fourth and fifth series of 2DTV[857]
- MacLeod also voices Johnson in Newzoids[858]
- Johnson is portrayed as half-man and half dog, who would engage in acts of canine behaviour, chasing his tail rather than answering questions, in Headcases. He is voiced by Jon Culshaw[859]
- In 2019, James Corden portrayed Johnson in a sketch on Saturday Night Live[860]
- In the 2020 revival of Spitting Image, Johnson’s puppet is voiced by Matt Forde[861]
Johnson has been the subject of British music and music media:
- Singer Robbie Williams portrays Boris Johnson in the music video for his 2020 festive single ‘Can’t Stop Christmas’[862]
- Johnson was the focus of 2020 song “Boris Johnson Is a Fucking Cunt” by Kunt and the Gang,[863] which reached number five on the UK Singles Chart.[864]
Honours
- Honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LLD) from Brunel University London, 2007[865]
- Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Institute of British Architects (Hon FRIBA),[866] 2011[867]
- Honorary Australian of the Year in the UK, 26 January 2014[868][869]
- Sworn in as a Member of Her Majesty’s Most Honourable Privy Council on 15 July 2016, upon his appointment as Foreign Secretary. This gave him the honorific title “The Right Honourable” for life.[870]
Bibliography
- Friends, Voters, Countrymen (HarperCollins, 2001) ISBN 978-0-00-711913-4
- Johnson’s Column (Continuum International – Academi, 2003) ISBN 978-0-8264-6855-0
- Lend Me Your Ears (HarperCollins, 2003) ISBN 978-0-00-717224-5
- Seventy-Two Virgins (HarperCollins, 2004) ISBN 978-0-00-719590-9
- Aspire Ever Higher / University Policy for the 21st century (Politeia, 2006)
- The Dream of Rome (HarperCollins, 2006) ISBN 978-0-00-722441-8
- Have I Got Views For You (HarperPerennial, 2006) ISBN 978-0-00-724220-7
- Life in the Fast Lane: The Johnson Guide to Cars (HarperPerennial, 2007) ISBN 978-0-00-726020-1
- The Perils of the Pushy Parents: A Cautionary Tale (HarperPress 2007) ISBN 978-0-00-726339-4
- Johnson’s Life of London (HarperPress 2011) ISBN 978-0-00-741893-0
- The Churchill Factor (Hodder & Stoughton 2014) ISBN 978-1-44-478302-5
See also
- Electoral history of Boris Johnson
- Premiership of Boris Johnson
- Racism in the UK Conservative Party § Accusations against Boris Johnson
References
Footnotes
- ^ “Uxbridge & South Ruislip”. BBC News. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
- ^ Croucher, Shane (23 July 2019). “Britain’s new prime minister was a U.S. citizen for decades—until the IRS caught up with him”. Newsweek. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
- ^ Grylls, George (9 December 2021). “Boris Johnson to take time off with Carrie after birth of their second baby”. The Times & Sunday Times. The Times. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- ^ “Boris and Carrie Johnson announce name of new daughter”. BBC News. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Boris Johnson”. Who Do You Think You Are?. 20 August 2008. BBC.
- ^ R (on the application of Miller) (Appellant) v The Prime Minister (Respondent), 12 (Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 2019).Text
- ^ Jump up to:a b Davies, Guy (23 July 2019). “Meet Boris Johnson: The UK’s controversial new prime minister”. ABC News. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Blitz, James (23 July 2019). “Why is Boris Johnson such a divisive figure?”. Financial Times. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Gimson 2012, p. 20.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Kirkup, James (7 January 2015). “Boris Johnson goes looking for Conservative friends in the north”. The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Purnell 2011, p. 327.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 110.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Conn, David; Pegg, David; Evans, Rob; Garside, Juliette; Lawrence, Felicity (15 November 2020). “‘Chumocracy’: how Covid revealed the new shape of the Tory establishment”. The Observer. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 365.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 121.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Staunton, Denis (23 June 2019). “Boris Johnson: The UK’s deeply polarising next prime minister”. The Irish Times. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- ^ Berend, T. Iván (2020). A century of populist demagogues: Eighteen European portraits, 1918–2018. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-963-386-334-3. JSTOR 10.7829/j.ctv16f6cn2.1.
- ^ Lawless, Jill (23 July 2019). “Boris Johnson’s Chaotic Path to Power Finally Pays Off”. Associated Press. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 10; Gimson 2012, p. 1.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 11; Gimson 2012, p. 2.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Llewellyn Smith, Julia (18 May 2008). “Boris Johnson, by his mother Charlotte Johnson Wahl”. The Sunday Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 23 January 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 11, 24–25; Gimson 2012, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 44; Purnell 2011, pp. 12–13; Gimson 2012, p. 11.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 13.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 14.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 44; Purnell 2011, p. 16; Gimson 2012, p. 14.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 16.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 15; Gimson 2012, p. 14.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 44; Purnell 2011, p. 17; Gimson 2012, p. 17, 20–22.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 18.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 18; Gimson 2012, p. 25.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 13; Gimson 2012, p. 11.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 26; Gimson 2012, p. 18.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 45; Purnell 2011, p. 28; Gimson 2012, pp. 17–18.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 28–29.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 29.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 30.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 44; Purnell 2011, p. 30; Gimson 2012, p. 26.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 31.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 44; Purnell 2011, pp. 31–32; Gimson 2012, p. 26.
- ^ Johnson, Stanley (18 June 2016). “Stanley Johnson: Why I remain a fan of Brussels”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 44; Purnell 2011, pp. 33–35; Gimson 2012, pp. 27–29.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 42; Gimson 2012, pp. 30–31.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 41; Gimson 2012, p. 33.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 36, 42.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, pp. 44–45; Purnell 2011, pp. 38–39; Gimson 2012, p. 35.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 49.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 44; Purnell 2011, p. 42.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 45.
- ^ Sonia, Purnell (21 July 2019). “The 10 ages of Boris Johnson: a guide to his road to power”. The Guardian.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, pp. 47–48.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 48.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 44; Purnell 2011, pp. 50–51; Gimson 2012, pp. 41–44.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 53.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 49–50.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 55.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 49, 53.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 54–55; Gimson 2012, pp. 51–52.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 58–59.
- ^ Bunbury, Stephanie (17 August 2013). “Boris Johnson and the right to write”. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
- ^ Johnston, Chris (15 July 2016). “When Boris was just another Timbertop Rent-A-Pom”. The Border Mail. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 45; Purnell 2011, p. 57; Gimson 2012, p. 83.
- ^ Gimson 2012, p. 56.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 62.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 63–65; Gimson 2012, pp. 63–66.
- ^ “David Dimbleby Slams ‘Disgraceful’ Boris Johnson For Ruining Bullingdon Club”. HuffPost. 28 May 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- ^ Kingsley, Patrick (10 August 2011). “UK riots: how do Boris Johnson’s Bullingdon antics compare?”. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 72, 74–78; Gimson 2012, pp. 76–83.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 70; Gimson 2012, p. 60.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 68; Gimson 2012, p. 74.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 70–71.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 71–73.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 80–81.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 84.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 87.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 89–90; Gimson 2012, p. 84.
- ^ Barber, Lyn (5 October 2003). “Charmed, I’m Sure”. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 92.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Gimson 2012, p. 102.
- ^ “Allegra e Boris”. englisch.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 92–94; Gimson 2012, pp. 85–86.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 94.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 46; Purnell 2011, pp. 94–95; Gimson 2012, pp. 87–88.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 95–99; Gimson 2012, pp. 88–90.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 100–102; Gimson 2012, pp. 90–96.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 102–103; Gimson 2012, p. 97.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 108.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 106–107.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 109.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Fletcher, Martin (4 November 2017). “The joke’s over – how Boris Johnson is damaging Britain’s global stature”. New Statesman. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 115–116.
- ^ Mount, Ferdinand (6 May 2021). “Ruthless and Truthless”. London Review of Books. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Bower 2021, pp. 68, 627.
- ^ Henley, Jon (11 May 2016). “Is the EU really dictating the shape of your bananas?”. The Guardian. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
- ^ Henley, Jon (11 May 2016). “Is the EU really dictating the shape of your bananas?”. The Guardian. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ Smithers, Rebecca (21 August 2014). “EU ban on powerful vacuum cleaners prompts anger and legal challenge”. The Guardian. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
- ^ Dallison, Paul (23 February 2016). “Boris Johnson’s 11 best Europe moments”. politico.eu. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 121, 126; Gimson 2012, pp. 98–99, 100–101.
- ^ “Boris Johnson handgun quote is real”. Full Fact. 25 March 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 115.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 120; Gimson 2012, p. 104.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 118, 124.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 124.
- ^ Black, Conrad (29 June 2019). “Max Hastings vs Boris Johnson: I know who I’d trust more”. The Spectator. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 129–130, 134; Gimson 2012, pp. 107–111, 113–114.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Press Association (18 February 2020). “Boris Johnson agrees divorce settlement with Marina Wheeler”. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 130–133; Gimson 2012, pp. 111–114.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 134; Gimson 2012, pp. 114–115.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 135; Gimson 2012, p. 115.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 142.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 144, 148.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 143; Gimson 2012, p. 125.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 146–147.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 153.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 139–140.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 161; Gimson 2012, p. 124.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 168; Gimson 2012, p. 125.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 169.
- ^ Johnson, Boris (10 January 2002). “If Blair’s so good at running the Congo, let him stay there”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Johnson, Boris (1 September 2005). “Getting our knickers in a twist over China”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 171.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 162–165.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 46; Purnell 2011, pp. 185–186; Gimson 2012, p. 125.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Purnell 2011, pp. 173–176; Gimson 2012, pp. 117–123.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 168.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 171; Gimson 2012, pp. 177–178.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 179–181; Gimson 2012, p. 177.
- ^ “A Show That Laughs at Boris Johnson, and May Have Aided His Rise”. The New York Times. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 176–178; Gimson 2012, pp. 127–129.
- ^ “Television in 2004 – BAFTA Awards”. BAFTA. 18 April 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 178; Gimson 2012, p. 130.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 188; Gimson 2012, p. 131.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 198–199.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 191.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 204.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 192, 194.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 193.
- ^ “Boris says sorry over ‘blacks have lower IQs’ article in the Spectator”. London Evening Standard. 2 April 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
- ^ “No 10 denies Boris Johnson ‘thigh squeeze’ claim”. BBC News. 29 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
- ^ Edwardes, Charlotte (29 September 2019). “Charlotte Edwardes on Boris Johnson’s wandering hands”. The Times. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
- ^ Pidd, Helen (11 August 2019). “PM should apologise for Hillsborough remarks, says Liverpool mayor”. The Guardian.
- ^ “Boris sorry for Scouse stereotype”. BBC News. 19 October 2004. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ Perraudin, Frances (15 July 2019). “Boris Johnson claimed Islam put Muslim world ‘centuries behind’”. The Guardian. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 219.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 209–210; Gimson 2012, p. 141.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 211–212.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 220–221.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 240.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 238.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 239.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 225.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 232–233.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 230.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 231.
- ^ “Section 28 compromise avoids a crisis”. BBC News. 16 January 2003.
- ^ Cowley, Philip; Mark Stuart (19 November 2004). “Mapping Conservative Divisions Under Michael Howard” (PDF). Revolts.co.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
- ^ Johnson, Boris (15 April 2000). “Another voice”. The Spectator. p. 8. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
- ^ Cooper, Alex (26 July 2019). “Boris Johnson gets mixed reviews from U.K.’s LGBTQ community”. NBC News. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 149.
- ^ “BBC NEWS – Programmes = BBC Parliament – Impeachment in practice”. BBC. 2 September 2004. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ^ Gimson 2012, p. 265.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 189, 190.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 226.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 230; Gimson 2012, pp. 145–146.
- ^ Gimson 2012, pp. 176–177.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 249–251; Gimson 2012, pp. 189–192.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 227; Gimson 2012, p. 143.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 228.
- ^ Gimson 2012, p. 182.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 223–224; Gimson 2012, p. 150.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 234; Gimson 2012, p. 150.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, pp. 46–47; Purnell 2011, pp. 242–243; Gimson 2012, p. 178.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 243; Gimson 2012, p. 179.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 47; Purnell 2011, pp. 251–252; Gimson 2012, pp. 193–207.
- ^ “Boris sorry for Scouse stereotype”. BBC News. 19 October 2004. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 47; Purnell 2011, pp. 257–263; Gimson 2012, pp. 162–173, 209–218.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 47; Purnell 2011, pp. 265–267; Gimson 2012, pp. 222–223.
- ^ McSmith, Andy (14 November 2004). “On your bike, Boris: Howard sacks Johnson over private life”. The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 13 December 2004. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 277–281; Gimson 2012, pp. 232–233.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 277; Gimson 2012, p. 232.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 283–284; Gimson 2012, pp. 235–236.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 47; Purnell 2011, p. 289; Gimson 2012, p. 243.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 302.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 291.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 291–292; Gimson 2012, p. 248.
- ^ Fazackerley, Anna (24 February 2006). “Blond has more fun but fails to thwart anti top-up fee vote”. Times Higher Education Supplement. London. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, pp. 296–300; Gimson 2012, pp. 255–257.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Barber, Lynn (19 October 2008). “No more Mr Nice Guy”. The Guardian. London.
- ^ Gimson 2012, p. 260.
- ^ Gimson 2012, p. 266.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 289–290; Gimson 2012, pp. 244–245.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 294–295.
- ^ Brook, Stephen (15 May 2008). “Boris to return to Telegraph column”. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 292–293; Gimson 2012, pp. 250–253.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 294.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 295.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 52; Purnell 2011, p. 312; Gimson 2012, pp. 278–279.
- ^ Jones, George (16 July 2007). “Boris Johnson to run for mayor”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 53; Gimson 2012, p. 279.
- ^ “Johnson is Tory mayor candidate”. BBC News. 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 327; Gimson 2012, p. 285.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 326–327.
- ^ Hosken 2008, pp. 426–427; Edwards & Isaby 2008, pp. 67–69, 133; Purnell 2011, pp. 90, 315.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, pp. 200–201; Purnell 2011, p. 348.
- ^ “Johnson wins London mayoral race”. BBC News. 3 May 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 351.
- ^ Watt, Nicholas (3 May 2008). “Johnson snatches Tories’ biggest prize”. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 352.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 207; Purnell 2011, p. 353.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 354.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 366.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 368–271.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 368.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 371–372; Gimson 2012, pp. 308–309.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 360.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 361.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 362.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 363.
- ^ “Mayor’s £250,000 ‘chicken feed’”. BBC News. 14 July 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
- ^ Mulholland, Hélène (14 July 2009). “Johnson condemned for describing £250,000 deal as ‘chicken feed’”. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 396–397; Gimson 2012, p. 308.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 407–410; Gimson 2012, pp. 330–331.
- ^ Mulholland, Helene (15 December 2010). “No censure for Boris Johnson over relationship with unpaid City Hall adviser”. The Guardian. London.
- ^ Mulholland, Hélène (20 July 2010). “Boris Johnson pressed for full details of the appointment of his alleged lover”. The Guardian. London.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Public has right to know about Boris Johnson’s secret lovechild, court rules”. The Daily Telegraph. London. 21 May 2013. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 380–385; Gimson 2012, pp. 305–308.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 407.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 401–402.
- ^ Mulholland, Hélène (9 October 2009). “Ken Livingstone claims Boris Johnson tried to ‘pay off’ former Evening Standard editor”. The Guardian. London.
- ^ Coates, Sam (8 October 2009). “Boris Johnson ‘broke rules’ by proposing ally for top London arts job”. The Times. London. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 392–395.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 446.
- ^ Gimson 2012, p. 308.
- ^ “Johnson saves woman from ‘oiks’”. BBC News. 3 November 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
- ^ Mayer, Catherine (4 November 2009). “London Mayor Boris Johnson Saves Filmmaker from Mugging”. Time. New York. Archived from the original on 7 November 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 373.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 211; Purnell 2011, p. 373.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 443.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 391.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Boris Johnson accused of hiding study linking air pollution and deprived schools”. The Daily Telegraph. 17 May 2016. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Mortimer, Caroline (16 May 2016). “Boris Johnson accused of burying report on the number of schools in London’s most polluted areas”. The Independent.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 390.
- ^ Hoscik, Martin (19 December 2012). “Exclusive: TfL reveals how much Barclays has paid for Cycle Hire scheme”. MayorWatch.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 414–416; Gimson 2012, p. 307.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 442–443.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 417; Gimson 2012, p. 307.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 417–418.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 265; Gimson 2012, p. 288.
- ^ “Mayor unveils plan to ban alcohol on the transport network” (Press release). Greater London Authority. 6 May 2008. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
- ^ Waugh, Paul (12 May 2008). “Boris plans to ‘Oysterise’ overground rail services by next May”. London Evening Standard. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
- ^ Johnson, Boris. “Saying No To Ticket Office Closures” (PDF). Getting Londoners Moving (Transport Manifesto for the 2008 Mayoral election). Back Boris campaign. p. 38. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
- ^ Murray, Dick (2 July 2008). “Mayor scraps Ken plan to axe 40 Tube ticket offices”. London Evening Standard. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
- ^ “London Underground in 24-hour plans as ticket offices shut”. BBC News. 21 November 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 437.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 416.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 388.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 374–375.
- ^ Mulholland, Helene; Booth, Robert; Strudwick, Patrick (12 April 2012). “Anti-gay adverts pulled from bus campaign by Boris Johnson”. The Guardian. London.
- ^ Mulholland, Hélène (1 August 2008). “Barack Obama gets backing from Boris Johnson”. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
- ^ Prince, Rosa (1 August 2008). “Boris Johnson backs Barack Obama as US President”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 377–278; Gimson 2012, p. 304.
- ^ “Britain’s top policeman resigns”. BBC News. 2 October 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
- ^ O’Neill, Sean; Fresco, Adam; Coates, Sam (3 October 2008). “Boris Johnson forces Sir Ian Blair to quit as police chief”. The Times. London. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 379.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 387–388.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 436.
- ^ Donovan, Tim (16 November 2011). “London mayor admits ‘caveats’ in youth crime statistics”. BBC News.
- ^ “Police numbers under Boris Johnson’s time as Mayor”, Full Fact (26 Jul 2019), accessed 24 September 2020.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 429–432; Gimson 2012, pp. 333–335.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 400; Gimson 2012, p. 324.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 439–440.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 400.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 414.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 389.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 424–425.
- ^ “Mayor of London announces new Forensic Audit Panel to investigate GLA and LDA” (Press release). Greater London Authority. 8 May 2008. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
- ^ “Labour accuse Mayor of ‘Tory witch hunt’”. MayorWatch. 9 May 2008. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
- ^ The Media Guardian 100 – 87 Patience Wheatcroft. The Guardian (London). 17 July 2006.
- ^ “Stephen Greenhalgh – Conservative Home”. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
- ^ Barney, Katharine (15 July 2008). “Ken Livingstone refuses to appear before LDA audit panel”. London Evening Standard. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
- ^ Gimson 2012, p. 338.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 447–448.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 440.
- ^ Crines 2013, p. 3.
- ^ Crines 2013, p. 2.
- ^ “London mayor: Boris Johnson wins second term by tight margin 5 May 2012 Last updated at 01:35”. BBC News. 5 May 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ “The Mayor of London – 2012 Olympics”. London 2012. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ “Boris Johnson on London 2012 Olympics tickets and transport”. The Guardian (video). 30 July 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ “London 2012: Boris Johnson says capital is prepared”. BBC News. 22 July 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ “Every Tube ticket office to close”. BBC News. 21 November 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
- ^ Beard, Matthew (21 November 2013). “950 London Underground staff to lose their jobs in Tube ticket office shake-up”. London Evening Standard. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
- ^ “PM Defends Actions over Conflict of Interest Claims”. BBC News. 23 September 2019.
- ^ Bulman, May (22 September 2019). “Boris Johnson facing questions over relationship with ex-model Jennifer Arcuri”. The Independent. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
- ^ Coates, Sam (25 September 2019). “Boris Johnson breaks silence on relationship with entrepreneur Jennifer Arcuri”. Sky News.
- ^ “Boris Johnson Facing Questions over Giving Public Money to American Woman”. huffingtonpost.co.uk. 22 September 2019.
- ^ Weaver, Matthew (22 September 2019). “Boris Johnson urged to justify ‘awarding public funds to close friend’”. The Guardian. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
- ^ “PM’s links to Arcuri referred to police watchdog”. BBC News. 27 September 2019.
- ^ Townsend, Mark (10 November 2019). “Fury as decision on police inquiry into PM shelved until after election”. The Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- ^ Weaver, Matthew (21 May 2020). “Boris Johnson will not face criminal inquiry over Jennifer Arcuri”. The Guardian. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- ^ “Boris Johnson calls London St Patrick’s day event lefty Sinn Féin crap”. The Belfast Telegraph. 11 February 2012.
- ^ Hennessy, Mark (13 March 2012). “Johnson apologises to London Irish for St Patrick’s Day slur”. The Irish Times. Dublin. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- ^ Williams, Rob (25 February 2013). “Video: ‘Great supine protoplasmic invertebrate jellies!’ – Boris Johnson’s parting shot at London Assembly members after they vote NOT to grill him over budget cuts”. The Independent. London. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ Topping, Alexandra (8 July 2013). “Boris Johnson criticised for suggesting women go to university to find husband”. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
- ^ Wright, Oliver (8 July 2013). “Boris Johnson gaffe: Why do women go to university? To find men to marry …” The Independent. London. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
- ^ Kampfner, John (3 November 2014). “The Churchill Factor review – Boris Johnson’s flawed but fascinating take on his hero”. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Boris Johnson’s most controversial foreign insults”. BBC Newsbeat. 14 July 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
- ^ Ross, Tim (15 May 2016). “Boris Johnson: The EU wants a superstate, just as Hitler did”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Crerar, Pippa (25 February 2014). “Mayor accused of having too few women at the top”. London Evening Standard. p. 4.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Waugh, Paul (9 December 2015). “Boris slams Trump: he’s ‘out of his mind’”. HuffPost UK. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
- ^ Dathan, Matt (9 December 2015). “Boris Johnson says Donald Trump ‘betrays a stupefying ignorance that makes him unfit to be US President’”. The Independent. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
- ^ Horton, Helena (8 December 2015). “Boris Johnson: ‘The only reason I wouldn’t visit some parts of New York is the real risk of meeting Donald Trump’”. The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 14 December 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b McCann, Kate (21 March 2016). “Boris Johnson: ‘I was mistaken for Donald Trump’”. The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Dahlgreen, Will. “Mayor Boris: the public verdict”. YouGov. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
- ^ Gayle, Damien (1 July 2016). “Water cannon bought by Boris Johnson to be sold off without being used”. The Guardian. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ^ Weaver, Matthew (19 November 2018). “Boris Johnson’s unused water cannon sold for scrap at £300,000 loss”. Guardian newspapers. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
- ^ de Peyer, Robin (26 August 2014). “Boris Johnson declares he will stand in Uxbridge and South Ruislip”. London Evening Standard. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- ^ Johnston, Chris (12 September 2014). “Boris Johnson selected to stand for Tories in Uxbridge and South Ruislip”. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
- ^ Swinford, Steven; Holehouse, Matthew (12 September 2014). “Boris Johnson selected to stand for Tories in Uxbridge and South Ruislip”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Bennett, Asa (17 September 2012). “Boris Johnson lacks the skills to be prime minister, says Tory chairman”. LondonlovesBusiness.com. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
- ^ “Boris Johnson says UK is better off outside the EU”. BBC News. 21 February 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
- ^ Wearden, Graeme (22 February 2016). “Pound hits seven-year low after Boris Johnson’s Brexit decision”. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
- ^ “Obama hits back at Boris Johnson’s alleged smears”. BBC News. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Obama hits back at Boris Johnson’s alleged smears”. BBC News. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
- ^ Lawless, Jill (22 April 2016). “London mayor under fire for ‘loaded’ criticism of ‘part-Kenyan’ Obama”. The Times of Israel. Jerusalem. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
- ^ Espinoza, Javier (28 April 2016). “Boris Johnson ‘no platformed’ over Obama’s ancestry comments”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 18 July 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Stone, Jon (25 April 2016). “Boris Johnson was not racist about Barack Obama, Iain Duncan Smith insists”. The Independent. London. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
- ^ “Brexit: Did Boris Johnson talk Turkey during referendum campaign?”. BBC News. 18 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ “Letter to the Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary – Getting the facts clear on Turkey”. VoteLeave. 16 June 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ Wilkinson, Michael (21 June 2016). “EU debate: Boris Johnson says Brexit will be ‘Britain’s independence day’ as Ruth Davidson attacks ‘lies’ of Leave campaign in front of 6,000-strong Wembley audience”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “Boris Johnson’s independence day claim nonsense, says David Cameron”. The Guardian. 22 June 2016.
- ^ “Boris Johnson Favourite to replace David Cameron as PM after Brexit”. The Guardian. London. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
- ^ Cowburn, Ashley (30 June 2016). “Michael Gove’s statement on running for Tory leadership against Boris Johnson”. The Independent. London. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
- ^ “Boris Johnson rules himself out of Conservative leader race”. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
- ^ Witte, Griff (30 June 2016). “Stung by a betrayal, former London mayor Boris Johnson ends bid to lead Britain”. The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
- ^ Hughes, Laura (30 June 2016). “Conservative MPs in uproar as Boris Johnson ‘rips party apart’ by withdrawing from leadership contest after ambush by Michael Gove”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Swinford, Steven; Hope, Christopher; Dominiczak, Peter (1 July 2016). “Boris Johnson’s allies accuse Michael Gove of ‘systematic and calculated plot’ to destroy his leadership hopes”. The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2020 – via MSN News.
- ^ Asthana, Anushka; Mason, Rowena (4 July 2016). “Boris Johnson endorses Andrea Leadsom in Tory leadership bid”. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Hutton, Robert. “Boris Johnson Appointed U.K. Foreign Secretary in May Government”. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
- ^ Bush, Stephen (14 July 2016). “Sending Boris Johnson to the Foreign Office is bad for Britain, good for Theresa May”. New Statesman. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^ Hüetlin, Thomas (14 July 2016). “Boris Johnson als Außenminister: Der Prügelknabe” [Boris Johnson as Foreign Secretary: The whipping boy]. Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^ Cassidy, John (13 July 2016). “The Huge Challenge Facing Theresa May”. The New Yorker. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^ Wintour, Patrick (13 July 2016). “Boris Johnson and diplomacy are not synonymous”. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^ “Boris Johnson is foreign secretary: The world reacts”. BBC News. 14 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^ Malkin, Bonnie; Oltermann, Philip; Phillips, Tom (14 July 2016). “‘Maybe the Brits are just having us on’: the world reacts to Boris Johnson as foreign minister”. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c “Boris Johnson: What did he achieve as foreign secretary?”. BBC News. 9 July 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Hopkins, Nick (18 July 2019). “What diplomats really think about Boris Johnson”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
- ^ Holton, Kate; Pitas, Costas (14 July 2016). “May builds new-look Brexit cabinet to steer EU divorce”. Reuters. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^ Moore, Robert (14 July 2016). “Boris Johnson’s appointment as Foreign Secretary has not gone down well in the United States”. ITV News. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^ Murray, Douglas (18 May 2016). “Boris Johnson wins The Spectator’s President Erdogan Offensive Poetry competition”. The Spectator.
- ^ Steerpike (27 September 2016). “Boris Johnson refuses to apologise for his President Erdogan poem”. The Spectator.
- ^ “Boris Johnson: UK will help Turkey join the EU”. Politico. 28 September 2016.
- ^ “Boris Johnson urged to back probe into international law violations in Yemen”. The Independent. 21 September 2016.
- ^ “Boris Johnson defends UK arms sales to Saudi Arabia”. The Guardian. 5 September 2016.
- ^ “Boris Johnson criticised by human rights groups after blocking inquiry into war crimes in Yemen”. The Independent. 27 September 2016.
- ^ “Boris Johnson accuses Saudi Arabia of ‘playing proxy wars’”. BBC News. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
- ^ Tovey, Alan (8 March 2015). “Charted: the world’s biggest arms importers”. The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Dominiczak, Peter (8 December 2016). “Row over Saudi Arabia comments blows open rift between Theresa May and Boris Johnson”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “Boris Johnson’s Saudi ‘proxy wars’ comment ‘not UK’s view’”. BBC News. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
- ^ “Fears for Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe after Boris Johnson remark”. BBC News. 6 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
- ^ Rawlinson, Kevin (7 November 2017). “Boris Johnson to call Iran in wake of comments about jailed Briton”. The Guardian. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
- ^ “Boris Johnson defends Iran nuclear deal after Israeli claims”. 1 May 2018.
- ^ Wintour, Patrick (9 May 2018). “UK will not follow Trump in ditching Iran deal, Boris Johnson vows”. The Guardian.
- ^ “Trump pulls US out of Iran deal: Here’s what to know”. PolitiFact.
- ^ Burchard, Hans von der (21 May 2018). “Boris Johnson calls US plan for new Iran deal ‘very difficult’”. Politico. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
The advantage of the JCPOA was that it had a very clear objective. It protected the world from an Iranian nuclear bomb, and in return it gave the Iranians some recognizable economic benefits. That was at the core of it. The Americans have walked away from that.
- ^ “Boris Johnson says he will help Turkey hunt for Gulenists in the UK”. Business Insider. 28 September 2016.
- ^ “Brexit and Gibraltar: May laughs off Spain ‘war’ talk”. BBC News. 3 April 2017.
- ^ “How would Boris Johnson solve the Irish border problem?”. New Statesman. 12 June 2019.
- ^ “Boris Johnson criticised by Sikh woman over whisky comment in Gurdwara”. BBC News. 17 May 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
- ^ “Boris Johnson visited Anguilla and the British Virgin Islands after Hurricane Irma to see the UK’s huge relief effort at first hand”. gov.uk (Press release). Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
- ^ “French, British officials view Irma’s damage, vow island aid”. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
- ^ “Boris Johnson reminded of Hiroshima on visit to Irma-hit Tortola”. sky.com. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
- ^ “Ambassador stops Boris Johnson ‘reciting colonial poem’ in Burmese temple”. ITV. 30 September 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
- ^ Grafton-Green, Patrick (30 September 2017). “Boris Johnson ‘caught on camera quoting Kipling poem in Burmese temple’”. London Evening Standard. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
- ^ Booth, Robert (30 September 2017). “Boris Johnson caught on camera reciting Kipling in Myanmar temple”. The Guardian. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ “Boris Johnson Libya ‘dead bodies’ comment provokes anger”. BBC News. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ “Is Boris Johnson really unsackable?”. The Economist. 5 October 2017. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “Boris Johnson refuses to condemn police violence in Catalonia”. The Independent. 2 October 2017.
- ^ “The Kremlin conundrum facing Boris Johnson”. The Times. 23 July 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ “What has Boris Johnson said about other countries and their leaders?”. BBC News. 24 July 2019.
- ^ “PM under pressure over Russian spy case”. BBC News. 12 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ “Boris Johnson accused of making misleading Russia Novichok claim in DW interview”. Deutsche Welle. 4 April 2018.
- ^ Wintour, Patrick (21 March 2018). “Boris Johnson compares Russian World Cup to Hitler’s 1936 Olympics”. The Guardian. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ Osborne, Samuel (21 March 2018). “Sergei Skripal: Chemical weapons inspectors arrive in Salisbury to investigate nerve agent attack”. The Independent. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018.
- ^ “Boris Johnson joins US in criticising Russia to Germany gas pipeline”. The Guardian. 22 May 2018.
- ^ “Direct Cargo Flights from Dhaka: UK to lift ban shortly”. The Daily Star. 10 February 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
- ^ “Boris Johnson for quick repatriation of Rohingyas”. Dhaka Tribune. 9 February 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
- ^ “UK: Turkey has legitimate interest in border security”. Anadolu Agency. 22 January 2018.
- ^ Johnson, Boris (15 September 2017). “My vision for a bold, thriving Britain enabled by Brexit”. The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Asthana, Anushka (17 September 2017). “Boris Johnson left isolated as row grows over £350m post-Brexit claim”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Brexit: Boris Johnson and stats chief in row over £350m figure”. BBC News.
- ^ “Boris Johnson denies plot to topple UK PM Theresa May”. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
- ^ Maidment, Jack (28 February 2018). “Boris Johnson accuses Remainers of trying to use Irish border issue to stop the UK leaving the EU”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “Speaker tells Johnson off for ‘sexism’”. BBC News. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
- ^ Crisp, James; Foster, Peter; Rayner, Gordon (23 June 2018). “EU diplomats shocked by Boris’s ‘four-letter reply’ to business concerns about Brexit”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “Enough already: in the national interest, we must stop a hard Brexit”. The Guardian. 24 June 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
- ^ “EU diplomats reveal Boris Johnson said ‘f**k business’ over Brexit fears”. The National. 23 June 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
- ^ “Johnson challenged over ‘Brexit expletive’”. BBC News. 26 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
- ^ “Boris Johnson under fire after calling Trump’s Jerusalem embassy move a ‘moment of opportunity’ for peace”. The Independent. 23 January 2018.
- ^ “Britain condemns ‘anti-Israel bias’ at UN Human Rights Council”. The Times of Israel. 18 June 2018.
- ^ Pitas, Costas (8 June 2018). “Brace for a possible ‘Brexit meltdown’ but don’t panic, Johnson says -BuzzFeed”. Reuters. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
- ^ “Boris and Donald: A very special relationship”. Politico. 13 December 2019.
- ^ “At-a-glance: The new UK Brexit plan agreed at Chequers”. BBC News. 7 July 2018.
- ^ Stewart, Heather (9 July 2018). “Brexit secretary David Davis resigns plunging government into crisis”. The Guardian. London.
- ^ Stewart, Heather; Crerar, Pippa; Sabbagh, Dan (9 July 2018). “May’s plan ‘sticks in the throat’, says Boris Johnson as he resigns over Brexit”. The Guardian. London.
- ^ “Johnson: It is not too late to save Brexit”. BBC News. 18 July 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
- ^ Feder, J. Lester (25 July 2018). “Boris Johnson Has Been Privately Talking To Steve Bannon As They Plot Their Next Moves”. Buzzfeed News.
- ^ Wright, Oliver (26 July 2018). “Drone strikes are retribution for atrocities, Boris Johnson suggests”. The Times. London.
- ^ “Boris Johnson under attack over Turkey claim”. ITV News. 18 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
- ^ “Boris Johnson hits out at police spending on historic child abuse probes”. The Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- ^ “Boris Johnson historical child sex abuse comments ‘horrific’”. BBC News. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “ACoBA Letter to Johnson” (PDF). 8 August 2018.
- ^ “Johnson’s Telegraph contract broke rules”. BBC News. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ Bienkov, Adam (6 December 2018). “Boris Johnson ordered to apologise to Parliament for failing to declare earnings”. Business Insider. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- ^ Walker, Peter (9 September 2018). “Tories condemn Boris Johnson for Brexit ‘suicide vest’ remarks”. The Guardian. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ “Open warfare between top Tories over Boris Johnson ‘suicide vest’ jibe at May”. The Independent. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ Johnson, Boris (6 January 2019). “The British people won’t be scared into backing a woeful Brexit deal nobody voted for”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “00154-19 Stirling v The Daily Telegraph”. Independent Press Standards Organisation. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
- ^ “Johnson confirms bid for Tory leadership”. BBC News. 16 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
- ^ “Full text: Boris Johnson launches his Tory leadership campaign”. The Spectator. 12 June 2019.
- ^ Shipman, Tim; Wheeler, Caroline; Urwin, Rosamund (25 August 2019). “Boris Johnson threatens EU over Brexit divorce bill and raises general election stakes”. The Times. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
- ^ Heffer, Greg (26 August 2019). “Boris Johnson: ‘Chances of Brexit deal improving now my messages have landed’”. Sky News. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
- ^ “Boris Johnson backs down on key campaign promises during Tory leadership debate”. The Independent. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
- ^ “Tory MPs choosing leadership final two”. 20 June 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
- ^ “The next UK prime minister: the odds and polls”. The Week UK.
- ^ “‘Tactical voting’ claim in Tory leader poll”. BBC News. 21 June 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
- ^ “Hunt to face Johnson in Tory leader race”. BBC News. 20 June 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
- ^ Stewart, Heather (23 July 2019). “Boris Johnson elected new Tory leader”. The Guardian. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
- ^ “Boris Johnson Becomes First US born Prime Minister of Britain”. The American. United Kingdom. 23 July 2019.
- ^ “Who are Boris Johnson’s key advisers?”. BBC News. 30 July 2019.
- ^ Sparrow, Andrew (24 July 2019). “Boris Johnson cabinet: Sajid Javid, Priti Patel and Dominic Raab given top jobs – live news”. The Guardian.
- ^ Westlake, M. (2020). Outside the EU: Options for Britain. Agenda Publishing. pp. 168–169. ISBN 978-1-78821-312-7. JSTOR j.ctv16qjx9d.20.
- ^ Woodcock, Andrews (29 July 2019). “Boris Johnson set for Brexit deadlock after admitting no progress made with EU withdrawal agreement”. The Independent. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
- ^ “Brexit: £2.1bn extra for no-deal planning”. BBC News. 1 August 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
- ^ Heather Stewart, Severin Carrell and Jennifer Rankin (29 August 2019). “Time to step up tempo of Brexit talks, says bullish Boris Johnson”. The Guardian. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
- ^ Elgot, Jessica; Stewart, Heather (28 August 2019). “Boris Johnson asks Queen to suspend parliament”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
- ^ “Brexit: Queen consents to suspension of parliament for five weeks – live news”. The Guardian. 28 August 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
- ^ Taylor, Simon; Graham, Chris (29 August 2019). “‘A very British coup’: How Europe reacted to Boris Johnson suspending parliament in Brexit push”. The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “Parliament suspension: Thousands protest across the UK”. BBC. 31 August 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
- ^ Ferguson, Donna; Murphy, Simon; Townsend, Mark; Wall, Tom (31 August 2019). “From Bodmin to Berlin, crowds vent their fury at Boris Johnson’s ‘coup’”. The Observer. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
- ^ MacAskill, Andrew; James, William (30 August 2019). “Factbox: UK government ensnared in court battles over suspending parliament”. Reuters. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
- ^ Carrell, Severin (11 September 2019). “Scottish judges rule Boris Johnson’s prorogation unlawful”. The Guardian. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
- ^ “Brexit: Scottish judges rule Parliament suspension is unlawful”. BBC News. 11 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
- ^ “Johnson denies lying to queen; court rejects Brexit case”. 6News. 12 September 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
- ^ Bowcott, Owen (24 September 2019). “Boris Johnson’s suspension of parliament unlawful, supreme court rules”. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
- ^ “Supreme Court: Suspending Parliament was unlawful, judges rule”. BBC News. London. 24 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
- ^ R (Miller) (Appellant) v The Prime Minister (Respondent) and Cherry & Ors (Respondents) v Advocate General for Scotland (Appellant) (Scotland), [2019] UKSC 41 (24 September 2019).
- ^ Rayner, Gordon; Sheridan, Danielle (3 September 2019). “Brexit vote result: Boris Johnson demands general election after rebel MPs seize control of Commons agenda”. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “MPs back bill aimed at blocking no-deal Brexit”. 4 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
- ^ “Johnson’s call for general election rejected by MPs”. 4 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
- ^ “Brexit: Boris Johnson and Leo Varadkar ‘can see pathway to a deal’”. BBC News. 10 October 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
- ^ “Brexit: What is in Boris Johnson’s new deal with the EU?”. BBC News. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
- ^ “Brexit: EU and UK reach deal but DUP refuses support”. BBC News. 17 October 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
- ^ Parker, George; Brunsden, Jim (11 October 2019). “How Boris Johnson moved to break the Brexit deadlock”. Financial Times. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
- ^ “Boris Johnson says EU migrants have been ‘treating UK as part of their own country’ for too long”. The Irish Post. 9 December 2019.
- ^ “Boris Johnson faces backlash and claims of racism after saying migrants should not ‘treat UK as their own’”. The Independent. 9 December 2019.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Boris Johnson: Does his cabinet reflect ‘modern Britain’?”. BBC News. 25 July 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ Swinford, Steven; Chorley, Matt (25 July 2019). “Boris Johnson the Godfather takes his retribution in massacre of cabinet ministers”. The Times. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
- ^ Syal, Rajeev (24 July 2019). “‘Summer’s day massacre’ may spell backbench trouble for Boris Johnson”. The Guardian. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
- ^ Woodcock, Andrew (25 July 2019). “Boris Johnson dismantles cabinet in reshuffle, building government around people who delivered Brexit vote”. Independent. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
- ^ Lyons, Kate (25 July 2019). “‘Cabinet massacre’: what the papers say about Boris Johnson’s arrival in No 10”. The Guardian. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
- ^ Murphy, Sean (26 July 2019). “Boris Johnson gives himself ‘Minister for the Union’ title”. The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Reality Check Team (5 August 2019). “Do Boris Johnson’s tax and spending plans add up?”. BBC News.
- ^ Buchan, Lizzy (8 August 2019). “Brexit: Boris Johnson fuels early election speculation as chancellor fast-tracks spending review”. The Independent.
- ^ Biggs, Stuart (4 August 2019). “Johnson’s Spending Puts U.K. Parties on Alert for Snap Election”. Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg.
- ^ “Boris Johnson loses majority after Tory MP defects during speech”. The Independent. 3 September 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
- ^ “Twenty-one Tory rebels lose party whip after backing bid to block no-deal Brexit”. PoliticsHome.com. 4 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
- ^ “Restoration of Conservative Whip”. BBC News. 29 October 2019.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “PM’s brother quits as Tory MP and minister”. BBC News. 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
- ^ Shipman, Tim (7 September 2019). “Exclusive: Amber Rudd resigns from cabinet and quits Tories”. The Sunday Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “General Election 2019: What’s behind the Conservative victory?”. BBC News.
- ^ Perrigo, Billy (13 December 2019). “‘Get Brexit Done.’ The Slogan That Won Britain’s Election”. Time. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- ^ “Sajid Javid resigns as chancellor”. BBC News. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
- ^ Walker, Peter (13 February 2020). “Smith, Leadsom and McVey out as Johnson reshuffles cabinet”. The Guardian.
- ^ “Cabinet reshuffle: Sajid Javid resigns as chancellor”. BBC News. 13 February 2020.
- ^ “Cabinet reshuffle: Raab moved from foreign secretary to deputy PM”. BBC News. 15 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
- ^ Heffer, Greg (15 September 2021). “Cabinet reshuffle: Gavin Williamson sacked and Dominic Raab moved from foreign secretary”. Sky News. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
- ^ Stewart, Heather; Walker, Peter (20 March 2020). “Boris Johnson announces closure of all UK pubs and restaurants”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ^ Siad, Arnaud. “Analysis: A short list of Boris Johnson’s U-turns on the pandemic”. CNN. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ Rawnsley, Andrew (20 December 2020). “With his sudden U-turn over Christmas, Boris Johnson caps a year of debacles”. The Guardian. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Syal, Rajeev (20 December 2020). “Boris Johnson’s Covid flip-flops: the pledges upended by reality”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Woodyatt, Amy; Isaac, Lindsay (20 December 2020). “Boris Johnson backtracks on relaxing Christmas rules after scientists warn new Covid-19 variant is spreading faster”. CNN. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Ministers frustrated with PM’s ‘mistakes’ ahead of Covid second wave”. BBC News. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ^ “Covid: The inside story of the government’s battle against the virus”. BBC News. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ^ Calvert, Jonathan; Arbuthnot, George; Leake, Jonathan. “Coronavirus: 38 days when Britain sleepwalked into disaster”. The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d “50,000 COVID-19 deaths and rising. How the UK keeps failing”. Reuters. 24 November 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ Walker, Peter (19 April 2020). “Boris Johnson missed five coronavirus Cobra meetings, Michael Gove says”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ Helm, Toby; Graham-Harrison, Emma; McKie, Robin (19 April 2020). “How did Britain get its coronavirus response so wrong?”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ “Coronavirus: What are the lockdown measures across Europe?”. Deutsche Welle. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- ^ Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries (PDF). Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology (Report). Imperial College London. 30 March 2020. p. 5. doi:10.25561/77731. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- ^ “Scientists turn on Boris Johnson over UK’s coronavirus response”. Politico. 10 June 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ Sandle, Andrew MacAskill, Paul (25 January 2021). “Anger and grief as United Kingdom’s COVID-19 death toll nears 100,000”. Reuters. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ Yong, Ed (16 March 2020). “The U.K.’s Coronavirus ‘Herd Immunity’ Debacle”. The Atlantic. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ Mason, Rowena (5 May 2020). “Boris Johnson boasted of shaking hands on day Sage warned not to”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ “Coronavirus: Boris Johnson was shaking hands as some scientists were calling for it to stop”. Sky News. 5 May 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ Wildman, Sam (4 March 2020). “Silence over Boris Johnson coronavirus claim following KGH visit”. Northamptonshire Telegraph. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ Payne, Sebastian; Cookson, Clive (5 May 2020). “Boris Johnson shook hands ‘continuously’ despite science panel warnings”. Financial Times. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
- ^ Mendick, Robert (20 March 2020). “Boris Johnson announces ‘extraordinary’ closure of UK’s pubs and restaurants in coronavirus shutdown”. Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ O’Toole, Fintan (11 April 2020). “Coronavirus has exposed the myth of British exceptionalism”. The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ Picheta, Rob (24 March 2020). “Boris Johnson issues stay-at-home order, sending UK into lockdown to fight coronavirus pandemic”. CNN. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ “PM Boris Johnson tests positive for coronavirus”. BBC News. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ “PM admitted to hospital over virus symptoms”. BBC News. 5 April 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
- ^ “UK PM Boris Johnson taken to intensive care”. BBC News. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Rawlinson, Kevin (6 April 2020). “Coronavirus: Boris Johnson taken into intensive care – live updates”. The Guardian. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ “UK PM Johnson leaves intensive care, remains under observation”. Reuters. 9 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ “Boris Johnson discharged from hospital”. BBC News. 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ “Coronavirus: Boris Johnson’s return to work ‘a boost for the country’”. BBC News. 26 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ^ “U.K.’s Boris Johnson says doctors prepared to announce his death as he fought COVID-19”. NBC News. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
- ^ “A site for sore eyes? How Dominic Cummings put Barnard Castle on the map”. The Guardian. 26 May 2020. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^ “No 10 ‘chaos’ as ‘defiant’ PM defends Cummings”. BBC News. BBC. 25 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^ Keating, Joshua (26 May 2020). “Why Is the U.K. in an Uproar Over a Boris Johnson Adviser’s COVID Road Trip?”. Slate. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^ Sebastian Payne (24 May 2020). “Boris Johnson backs Dominic Cummings over lockdown breach”. Financial Times. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020.
- ^ Fancourt, Daisy; Steptoe, Andrew; Wright, Liam (15 August 2020). “The Cummings effect: politics, trust, and behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic”. The Lancet. 396 (10249): 464–465. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31690-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 32771083.
- ^ Knapton, Sarah (6 August 2020). “‘Dominic Cummings effect’ has led to major loss of confidence in Government, study reveals”. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Pogrund, Gabriel; Calver, Tom (15 November 2020). “Chumocracy first in line as ministers splash Covid cash”. The Sunday Times. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “‘Utter shambles’: GPs and medics decry NHS test-and-trace system”. The Guardian. 14 September 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
- ^ “Covid: NHS Test and Trace needs to improve, PM concedes”. BBC News. 22 October 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
- ^ Ray, Siladitya. “Report: Boris Johnson Said U.K. Should ‘Ignore’ Covid-19 At The Start Of The Pandemic”. Forbes. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ^ Rayner, Gordon (26 April 2021). “‘Let the bodies pile high’: What really happened on night Boris Johnson was accused of outburst”. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
- ^ “Covid: Boris Johnson’s ‘bodies pile high’ comments prompt criticism”. BBC News. 26 April 2021. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
- ^ Peston, Robert (26 April 2021). “Johnson ‘did make bodies pile high in their thousands’ comment, writes Peston”. ITV News. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
- ^ “U.K. Bets 2 Million Vaccine Shots a Week Will End Lockdown”. Bloomberg. 4 January 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ “Pressure on hospitals ‘at a really dangerous point’”. BBC News. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ Zimmer, Carl; Carey, Benedict (21 December 2020). “The U.K. Coronavirus Variant: What We Know”. The New York Times. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
- ^ “Covid: Russia begins vaccinations in Moscow”. BBC News. 5 December 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
- ^ Baraniuk, Chris (18 February 2021). “Covid-19: How the UK vaccine rollout delivered success, so far”. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 372: n421. doi:10.1136/bmj.n421. PMID 33602672. S2CID 231946710. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ “Covid-19: Record day for UK with 711,156 vaccinations given”. BBC News. 20 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ^ “Covid: England’s third national lockdown legally comes into force”. BBC News. 6 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ “UK Covid deaths: Why the 100,000 toll is so bad”. BBC News. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
- ^ “Covid deaths: UK passes milestone of 100,000”. BBC News. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
- ^ “Johnson: England to lift last virus restrictions on July 19”. AP News. 12 July 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
- ^ Ellyatt, Holly (19 July 2021). “England takes leap into the unknown, lifting Covid rules as cases surge”. CNBC. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
- ^ Peter Walker (17 September 2021). “Johnson’s revamped cabinet cram into office – with no masks”. The Guardian. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ “Dominic Raab defends Boris Johnson after PM is pictured not wearing mask on hospital visit”. Sky News. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
- ^ Gillett, Francesca; Lee, Dulcie (8 December 2021). “Covid: New Plan B rules on working from home and masks announced for England”. BBC News.
- ^ Swinford, Steven; Zeffman, Henry (14 December 2021). “Johnson suffers biggest rebellion of premiership”. The Times.
- ^ Penna, Dominic; Fisher, Lucy; Nanu, Maighna (14 December 2021). “Politics latest news: Boris Johnson suffers huge rebellion as MPs vote in favour of Covid passports”. The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022.
- ^ “Lee Cain: Top Boris Johnson aide quits amid infighting at No. 10”. BBC News. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ Walker, Peter; Sabbagh, Dan; Syal, Rajeev (13 November 2020). “Boris Johnson boots out top adviser Dominic Cummings”. The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ Landler, Mark; Castle, Stephen (13 November 2020). “Dominic Cummings, Powerful Aide to Boris Johnson, Resigns, Report Says”. The New York Times. London. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ “Dominic Cummings: Thousands died needlessly after Covid mistakes”. BBC News. 26 May 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ Kuenssberg, Laura (26 May 2021). “Dominic Cummings’ accusations can not easily be dismissed”. BBC News. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ Walker, Peter (26 May 2021). “Boris Johnson refuses to deny dismissing Covid as ‘scare story’”. The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ Sparrow, Andrew; Davies, Caroline (27 May 2021). “UK Covid: Hancock refuses to deny telling No 10 patients would be tested before discharge into care homes – as it happened”. The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Brown, Faye (11 May 2021). “All the new laws unveiled in the Queen’s Speech today”. Metro. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
- ^ Wakefield, Jane (12 May 2021). “Government lays out plans to protect users online”. BBC News. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ^ “Downing Street refurbishment: What is the row over Boris Johnson’s flat?”. BBC News. 28 April 2021. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
- ^ Walker, Peter; Allegretti, Aubrey (23 April 2021). “‘Mad and totally unethical’: Dominic Cummings hits out at Boris Johnson”. The Guardian. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
- ^ Cummings, Dominic (23 April 2021). “Statement regarding No10 claims today”. Dominic Cummings’s Blog. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- ^ “Boris Johnson’s flat: Top official to review funding of revamp”. BBC News. 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
- ^ “Electoral Commission to investigate Boris Johnson’s Downing Street flat renovations”. BBC News. 28 April 2021. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
- ^ Allegretti, Aubrey; Elgot, Jessica (28 April 2021). “Electoral Commission launches inquiry into Boris Johnson flat refurb”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
- ^ Wright, Oliver; Swinford, Steven; Zeffman, Henry (29 April 2021). “Downing St concern at ‘paper trail’ over Boris Johnson’s flat redecoration”. The Times. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
- ^ “Commons Chamber 28th April 2021”. UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ^ Walker, Peter; Allegretti, Aubrey (28 May 2021). “Boris Johnson acted unwisely over flat refurbishment, report finds”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ “Downing Street flat: PM cleared of misconduct but acted unwisely, says watchdog”. BBC News. 29 May 2021. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ Skopeliti, Clea (29 May 2021). “Angela Rayner demands detailed answers on Boris Johnson’s refurb”. The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ Devlin, Kate (29 May 2021). “Labour demands full details of Downing Street flat renovations”. Independent. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ Quinn, Ben (9 December 2021). “Downing Street refurb: the money trail, inquiries and questions still to answer”. The Guardian.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Rodger, Hannah (9 December 2021). “Tories fined over £52,000 undeclared donation for Boris Johnson’s luxury Downing Street flat refurb”. The Herald. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- ^ “As fuel pumps remain dry, UK’s Johnson says plans in place for supply chains”. Reuters. 29 September 2021.
- ^ “Boris Johnson dismisses fears over tough winter”. BBC News. 21 September 2021.
- ^ Isaac, Anna (5 October 2021). “Boris Johnson calls inflation fears ‘unfounded’ but economists disagree”. The Independent.
- ^ Maclellan, Kylie (3 November 2021). “UK PM’s party slammed for backing overhaul of system that polices lawmakers”. Reuters. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
- ^ “Owen Paterson: Anger as Tory MP avoids suspension in rule shake-up”. BBC News. 3 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
- ^ Woodcock, Andrew (3 November 2021). “Tories vote to tear up sleaze rules after MP found guilty of paid lobbying”. The Independent. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
- ^ “Owen Paterson row: Government U-turn over MPs’ conduct plan”. BBC News. BBC. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
- ^ “Tory MP Owen Paterson resigns amid standards row”. BBC News. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
- ^ Tories lose North Shropshire seat they held for nearly 200 years BBC
- ^ McGuinness, Alan (17 December 2021). “North Shropshire: Liberal Democrats pull off shock win as Tory by-election defeat piles further pressure on Boris Johnson”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
- ^ Stone, Jon (7 December 2021). “Boris Johnson says ‘rules were followed’ at No 10 party as Sunak denies attending”. The Independent.
- ^ “Cheese and wine? UK PM’s staff joked about alleged lockdown party”. Reuters. 7 December 2021.
- ^ Walker, Peter; Allegretti, Aubrey; Grierson, Jamie (7 December 2021). “PM accused of lying after No 10 officials caught joking about Christmas party”. The Guardian. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
- ^ “PMQs: Boris Johnson sorry for offence caused by aides joking about lockdown party”. BBC News. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Brand, Paul (10 January 2022). “Email proves Downing Street staff held drinks party at height of lockdown”. ITV News. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ Keay, Lara (12 January 2022). “What were the rules on 20 May 2020, what happened in Downing Street, and was Boris Johnson at the party?”. Sky News. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ “‘Is this for real?’ No escape for No 10 from party claims”. BBC News. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ “No. 10 staff intervened to stop Downing Street events”. BBC News. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ “Downing Street party: PM to face MPs following revelations”. BBC News. 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ Walker, Peter; Stewart, Heather (12 January 2022). “Boris Johnson admits attending Downing Street party during lockdown”. The Guardian. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ “Boris Johnson admits he attended lockdown-breaking party but claims he thought it was work event”. ITV News. 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Boris Johnson faces calls to quit after lockdown party apology”. BBC News. 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ “Boris Johnson: Senior Tories urge PM to quit after party apology”. BBC News. 13 January 2022.
- ^ “Bury South MP Christian Wakeford resigns from Conservative to join Labour”. Bury Times. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
- ^ Merrick, Rob (19 January 2022). “‘In the name of God, go’: Tory MP David Davis tells Boris Johnson to quit”. The Independent. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
- ^ “Boris Johnson: Tory MP defects as ex-minister tells Johnson to go”. BBC News. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
- ^ “Police to investigate No 10 lockdown parties”. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- ^ “Sue Gray: No 10 pledges updated report after police inquiry finishes”. BBC News. BBC. 31 January 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ Zeffman, Henry (3 February 2022). Wright, Oliver; Swinford, Steven (eds.). “Crisis for Boris Johnson as four aides quit in one day”. The Times.
- ^ “Boris Johnson’s policy chief Munira Mirza resigns over PM’s Savile remarks”. BBC News. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
- ^ “Boris Johnson tries to ‘clarify’ Jimmy Savile ‘slur’ against Sir Keir Starmer after days of criticism”. Sky News. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Keir Starmer: Two arrested after protesters surround Labour leader”. BBC News. 7 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
- ^ Mason, Rowena; Elgot, Jessica (7 February 2022). “MPs blame Boris Johnson’s ‘poison’ after protesters mob Keir Starmer”. The Guardian. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
- ^ Elgot, Jessica; Stewart, Heather (8 February 2022). “Johnson will not apologise for Jimmy Savile remark, says minister”. The Guardian. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
- ^ “No 10 has no intention of apologising after protesters surround Sir Keir Starmer”. BBC News. 8 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
- ^ Met investigates death threats against Keir Starmer in wake of Johnson’s Savile slur The Observer
- ^ Pickard, Jim; Campbell, Peter (15 November 2020). “UK set to ban sale of new petrol and diesel cars from 2030”. Financial Times. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “The key areas of Boris Johnson’s ‘green industrial revolution’”. The Guardian. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
- ^ “Boris Johnson: Climate change about jobs not ‘bunny hugging’”. BBC News. 22 April 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
- ^ Harvey, Fiona (17 September 2021). “US and EU pledge 30% cut in methane emissions to limit global heating”. The Guardian. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ Mason, Jeff; Alper, Alexandra (18 September 2021). “Biden asks world leaders to cut methane in climate fight”. Reuters. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
- ^ “Boris Johnson accused of making impossible pledge for climate crisis summit”. The Independent. 19 January 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
- ^ “Rishi Sunak cuts taxes on domestic flights days before Cop26 climate summit”. The Independent. 27 October 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ Gair, Kieran (4 November 2021). “Boris Johnson flew in private jet for dinner at Garrick Club”. The Times.
- ^ Harding, Luke; Walker, Peter (5 November 2021). “‘Like a clown’: what other countries thought of Boris Johnson at Cop26”. The Guardian.
- ^ “Britain joins Germany in criticizing Macron’s Mercosur threat”. Reuters. 24 August 2019.
- ^ “Amazon fires spark European rift at G7 over Mercosur trade deal”. Deutsche Welle. 24 August 2019.
- ^ Analysis by Luke McGee. “UK’s ‘special relationship’ with the US is more fragile than ever. Just when Boris Johnson is banking on it”. CNN.
- ^ “Biden presidency could bring difficulties for US-UK special relationship”. Press Association. 7 November 2020.
- ^ “Chagos Islands dispute: UK ‘threatened’ Mauritius”. BBC News. 27 August 2018.
- ^ “Foreign Office quietly rejects International Court ruling to hand back Chagos Islands”. inews.co.uk. 18 June 2020.
- ^ “Corbyn makes Chagos Islands pledge after UK branded ‘illegal colonial occupier’”. Belfast Telegraph. 22 November 2019.
- ^ “‘Pro-China’ Boris Johnson ‘enthusiastic’ about belt and road plan”. Yahoo! News. 24 July 2019.
- ^ “Hong Kong: UK makes citizenship offer to residents”. BBC News. 1 July 2020.
- ^ “China warns UK ‘interfering’ in Hong Kong affairs will ‘backfire’”. Al-Jazeera. 3 June 2020.
- ^ “Aukus: China denounces US-UK-Australia pact as irresponsible”. BBC News. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
- ^ “‘Donnez-moi un break’: Johnson deepens rift with France over defence deal”. The Guardian. 22 September 2021.
- ^ Donaldson, Kitty (22 September 2021). “Boris Johnson Mocks French Outrage Over Submarine Spat”. Bloomberg.com.
- ^ “Most of the remaining British troops have left Afghanistan, says Boris Johnson”. Mint. AFP. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
- ^ “Boris Johnson urges international unity over Taliban as he recalls parliament”. The Guardian. 15 August 2021.
- ^ “Afghanistan crisis: Johnson took holiday as Kabul was about to fall”. The Guardian. 16 August 2021.
- ^ “Blame on Biden? UK PM Johnson says US decision to pull out of Afghanistan ‘accelerated’ events”. The Week. 16 August 2021.
- ^ “British government details plan to settle 20,000 Afghan refugees in heated emergency debate”. CBC News. 18 August 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Mueller, Benjamin; Robins, Peter (8 November 2021). “What Is Brexit? And How Is It Going?”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ^ “‘Boris the betrayer’ has swindled us over Brexit, England’s fishermen say”. Reuters. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ^ Sparrow, Andrew (16 October 2020). “Boris Johnson: UK must prepare for no-deal Brexit and ‘Australia-style’ trade – UK politics live”. The Guardian. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
- ^ Boffey, Daniel; O’Carroll, Lisa (24 December 2020). “UK and EU agree Brexit trade deal”. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^ “Boris Johnson warns EU to choose between Ukraine and Nord Stream 2”. Financial Times. 15 November 2021.
- ^ “Boris Johnson visits Ukraine for talks as Russian invasion fears rise”. BBC News. 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ Sheridan, Danielle (31 January 2022). “Boris Johnson puts Vladimir Putin on hold, allowing France to seize diplomatic initiative”. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ “Ukraine crisis: What’s at stake for the UK?”. BBC News. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ “Ukraine-Russia tensions: British troops ‘unlikely’ to fight – Truss”. BBC News. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ Scott, Geraldine; Clark, Dave (1 February 2022). “Boris Johnson urges Putin to avoid ‘bloodshed’ in Ukraine”. WalesOnline. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ “UK, Russian leaders discuss Ukraine crisis in phone call”. Al Jazeera. 2 February 2022.
- ^ “Johnson-Putin call rescheduled as PM’s diplomacy drive falters”. the Guardian. 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “British PM Says Europe In Most Serious Security Crisis In Decades Over Ukraine”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 10 February 2022.
- ^ “Johnson warns threat of imminent invasion of Ukraine is ‘extremely concerning’”. The Independent. 14 February 2022.
- ^ “Election Data 1997”. Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ “BBC NEWS>VOTE 2001>Results and Constituencies>Clwyd South”. Vote 2001. BBC News. 1 May 1997. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Ask Aristotle: Henley, guardian.co.uk
- ^ “Election Data 2001”. Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ “Election Data 2005”. Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ “Election Data 2015”. Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
- ^ “London Borough of Hillingdon – Uxbridge and South Ruislip constituency results 2015”. Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
- ^ “Uxbridge & Ruislip South parliamentary constituency – Election 2015 – BBC News”. BBC.
- ^ “VOTE FOR CHRIS SUMMERS”. VOTE FOR CHRIS SUMMERS.
- ^ “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
- ^ “TUSC parliamentary candidates in May 2015” (PDF). Tusc.org. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
- ^ “Monster Raving Loony’s Howling Laud Hope’s career”. BBC. 27 November 2014.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Uxbridge & Ruislip South parliamentary constituency”. BBC News.
- ^ http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7979/CBP-7979.pdf
- ^ Jump up to:a b c This independent candidate left the optional Description field blank on the “Statement of Persons Nominated” (PDF). London Borough of Hillingdon. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
- ^ “I’m Standing!” (PDF). Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ Ferguson, Niall (15 December 2019). “It’s One Nation under Boris Johnson’s populist groove”. The Times. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- ^ Brogan, Benedict (29 April 2010). “Boris Johnson interview: My advice to David Cameron? I’ve made savings, so can you”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Parker, George (21 December 2014). “Boris Johnson aims to win back voters as ‘One Nation Tory’”. Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Boris Johnson: Classic Tory or Political Maverick?”. Channel 4 News. 9 October 2012. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ Hill, Dave (4 December 2008). “Mayor Boris, the liberal”. The Guardian. London, England. Archived from the original on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
- ^ “Generation Boris”. The Economist. London. 1 June 2013. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Gimson 2012, p. 136.
- ^ Payne, Adam; Bienkov, Adam (23 May 2019). “Conservative moderates plan to take back control of Boris Johnson as prime minister”. Business Insider. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ Gimson 2012, p. 342.
- ^ Bourne, Ryan (23 July 2019). “Don’t lump Boris Johnson together with Donald Trump”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Hinsliff, Gaby (21 May 2019). “Want to stop Johnson? More Tories should follow Heseltine and join the resistance”. The Guardian. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
- ^ Brownswell, James (23 July 2019). “Who is Boris Johnson, Britain’s new prime minister?”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
- ^ Heseltine, Michael (12 September 2019). “Boris Johnson has no right to call himself a one-nation Conservative”. The Guardian.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 2.
- ^ Collins, Philip (14 September 2017). “Britain’s New Gaullists”. Prospect. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
- ^ Hirsh, Michael (28 June 2016). “Why the New Nationalists are Taking Over”. Politico.
- ^ “Boris Johnson declares cancelling Brexit would be ‘utterly pathetic’ as he writes off Theresa May’s failed deal”. London Evening Standard. 18 January 2018.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 52.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 198.
- ^ “May Faces Worst Government Defeat in 95 Years in Brexit Vote”. Bloomberg. 14 January 2018.
- ^ “Boris Johnson: Brexit delay would be seen as ‘an elite conspiracy to thwart Brexit’”. Talkradio. 18 January 2018.
- ^ Eysenck, Juliet; Wilkinson, Michael (10 June 2016). “ITV debate: Boris Johnson says Britain will ‘prosper as never before’ out of EU as Tory minister Amber Rudd goes on attack over his ‘No 10’ ambition”. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “London’s Popular And Populist Mayor Makes The Case For Leaving The EU”. NPR. 3 May 2016.
- ^ Lyall, Sarah (30 June 2016). “Luck Runs Out for a Leader of ‘Brexit’ Campaign”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Corbett, Steve (1 January 2016). “The Social Consequences of Brexit for the UK and Europe: Euroscepticism, Populism, Nationalism, and Societal Division”. The International Journal of Social Quality. 6 (1): 15. doi:10.3167/IJSQ.2016.060102. JSTOR 26179355.
- ^ Evans, Richard J. (13 November 2014). “”One man who made history” by another who seems just to make it up: Boris on Churchill”. New Statesman.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Aron, Jacob. “New prime minister Boris Johnson’s climate change record”. New Scientist. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “What is Boris Johnson’s record on climate change?”. The Week UK. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ “Boris Johnson”. TheyWorkForYou. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “What Does Boris Johnson Really Think About Climate Change?”. Bloomberg.com. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Climate change: The science briefing that convinced Boris Johnson”. BBC News. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Ward, Bob (10 June 2021). “Boris Johnson’s climate change “scepticism” is an embarrassment to London’s scientists”. New Statesman. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ Vaughan, Adam (11 June 2019). “UK commits to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050”. New Scientist. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
- ^ Gatten, Emma (24 September 2020). “Boris Johnson warns against ‘napping’ on climate change”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “Could Scotland ever be ‘the Saudi Arabia of renewables’?”. BBC News. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
- ^ Dawson, Christine (24 September 2021). “Key climate finance pledges from UN General Assembly”. ESGclarity. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
- ^ “COP26: World at one minute to midnight over climate change – Boris Johnson”. BBC News. 1 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ “COP26: Climate deal sounds the death knell for coal power – PM”. BBC News. 14 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 25.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Bienkov, Adam (14 February 2018). “All the times Boris Johnson has contradicted his own arguments for Brexit”. Business Insider. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ Worthy, Ben; Bennister, Mark; Stafford, Max W. (1 March 2019). “Rebels Leading London: the mayoralties of Ken Livingstone and Boris Johnson compared” (PDF). British Politics. 14 (1): 23–43. doi:10.1057/s41293-017-0069-1. ISSN 1746-9198. S2CID 158055383.
- ^ “A secret pro-EU article Boris Johnson wrote before the referendum has been revealed”. The Independent. 15 October 2016. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ Ross, Tim (23 May 2018). “Boris Johnson reopens post-Brexit immigration debate”. Bloomberg. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Mason, Rowena (26 May 2019). “Brexit: top Tories would bring down any PM who backs no deal”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ @borisjohnson (25 June 2019). “If I become PM, we will leave the EU on 31 October, deal or no deal. Today I have asked @Jeremy_Hunt whether he will also commit to this date, no matter what. We must keep our promises to the British people and deliver Brexit – no ifs, no buts, and no second referendum” (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ “Britain’s Boris Johnson Appeals To EU To Drop ‘Irish Backstop’ Demand”. kcbx.org. 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
- ^ “Johnson says Britain will not pay Brussels for no-deal Brexit”. New Europe. 27 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
- ^ “Boris Johnson declares unionist views on trip to Northern Ireland”. BBC News. 7 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ “Northern Ireland to Scotland bridge plans ‘put to bed’”. 15 September 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
- ^ Sheppard, Tommy. “Don’t fall for Boris Johnson’s big lie about the Internal Market Bill and its effect on devolution”. The Scotsman. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
- ^ “Boris Johnson ‘called Scottish devolution disaster’”. BBC News. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ “Boris Johnson denies he wants to undermine Scottish devolution”. BBC News. 21 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 43; Purnell 2011, p. 1.
- ^ “The BoJo, Ken and Bri show”. New Statesman. London. 6 September 2007. Archived from the original on 5 December 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 91.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 103.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Crines 2013, p. 1.
- ^ Frost, Caroline (3 April 2013). “17 Things We Now Know About Boris Johnson, And His Worthiness, Or Not, To Be PM …” HuffPost. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
- ^ Hill 2016, p. 31.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 74.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 74; Purnell 2011, p. 1; Gimson 2012, p. 301.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 3.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 183.
- ^ Gimson 2012, p. x.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 214.
- ^ Gimson 2012, p. 108.
- ^ Gimson 2012, p. 258.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 456.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Purnell 2011, p. 1.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 15.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 43; Purnell 2011, p. 1; Gimson 2012, p. xiii.
- ^ Gimson 2012, p. 301.
- ^ Gimson 2012, p. 17.
- ^ Purnell 2011, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 26.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 37.
- ^ Boris Johnson: Is ‘Planet Boris’ finally going to implode? BBC
- ^ Lamiat Sabin (15 February 2022). “John Bercow urges ‘narcissist’ Boris Johnson to ‘beetle off into the distance’ in scathing attack”. The Independent. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
- ^ Watt, Holly (20 November 2014). “Boris Johnson could be hit with six-figure tax bill”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Siddique, Haroon (20 November 2014). “New York-born London mayor Boris Johnson refuses to pay US tax bill”. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
- ^ “London Mayor Boris Johnson agrees to pay US tax bill”. BBC News. 22 January 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ Shipman, Tim (15 February 2015). “Crikey! Boris gives up White House to bid for No 10”. The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
- ^ Wintour, Patrick (9 February 2017). “Boris Johnson among record number to renounce American citizenship in 2016”. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
- ^ “Reading into the problem of illiteracy where ‘Street’ is often king”. The Irish Times. 22 July 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
- ^ “Britain’s imperial prime minister”. The Economist. 20 February 2020. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “Boris: I took cocaine and cannabis”. Oxford Mail. 4 June 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, pp. 144–145.
- ^ Sanderson, Terry (26 April 2008). “Who would Jesus vote for?”. The Guardian. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
- ^ Swinford, Steven (29 January 2015). “Boris Johnson: I am not a serious practicing Christian”. The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Pepinster, Catherine (26 September 2020). “As Boris Johnson’s godmother, I’m so pleased he has returned to Catholicism”. The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Shearing, Hazel; Snowdon, Kathryn (30 May 2021). “Boris Johnson marries Carrie Symonds at Westminster Cathedral”. BBC News. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ Southworth, Phoebe; Malnick, Edward; Stanley, Tim (29 May 2021). “Boris Johnson wedding: How did Prime Minister marry Carrie Symonds in a Catholic church?”. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ Gledhill, Ruth. “Boris weds Carrie at Westminster Cathedral”. The Tablet. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ Kidd, Patrick (23 July 2019). “Boris Johnson could prove more of a Chancer than his hero Pericles”. The Times.
- ^ “Boris Johnson’s magniloquent tongue reaps political gold, linguists”. Reuters. 23 July 2019.
- ^ “Boris Johnson’s confusing and contradictory religious history”. The Economist. 27 July 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Hobson, Theo (4 August 2019). “What I learned talking to Boris Johnson about religion”. The Spectator.
- ^ McTague, Tom (7 June 2021). “Boris Johnson Knows Exactly What He’s Doing”. The Atlantic. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
- ^ Forsey, Zoe (9 December 2021). “Boris Johnson’s 7 children – lookalike son and love child from secret affair”. mirror.
- ^ “Boris Johnson’s secret family: Prime Minister’s 3 marriages and 7 children revealed”. HELLO!. 13 December 2021.
- ^ “What Do We Know About Boris Johnson’s Seven Children?”.
- ^ Helyer-Donaldson, Rachel. “Boris Johnson’s first wife marries again”. The Week. London. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
- ^ Sampson, Annabel (11 November 2019). “Who is Boris Johnson’s first wife, former Tatler cover girl Allegra Mostyn-Owen?”. Tatler. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ McDonaugh, Melanie (29 May 2012). “‘He’s a better ex than he was a husband’, says Boris Johnson’s ex wife”. Evening Standard. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ Malnick, Edward; Stanley, Tim; Southworth, Phoebe (30 May 2021). “Boris Johnson and Carrie Symonds married in secret wedding ceremony at Westminster Cathedral”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ Doward, Jamie (29 August 2004). “No dumb blond”. The Observer. London. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- ^ McSmith, Andy (13 February 2016). “Marina Wheeler, profile: The brains behind Boris Johnson”. The Independent. London. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
- ^ “Boris celebrates Vaisakhi in Southall”. BackBoris.com. 6 April 2008. Archived from the original on 13 April 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
- ^ Gimson, Andrew (2006) [2007]. Boris: The Rise of Boris Johnson. Pocket Books [Simon & Schuster]. pp. 11–12, 26–27, 71, 118, 119, 254. ISBN 978-0-7432-7584-2.
- ^ Wheeler, Brian (4 May 2008). “The Boris Johnson story”. BBC News. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
- ^ Halliday, Josh (21 May 2013). “Public has right to know Boris Johnson fathered child during affair, court rules”. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ Pitel, Laura (22 May 2013). “‘Boris lovechild’ can be public knowledge, appeal court rules”. The Times. London. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
- ^ Young, Sarah (31 July 2021). “Boris Johnson: How many children does the prime minister have?”. The Independent. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ Stewart, Helen (21 September 2021). “Boris Johnson admits he has six children”. The Guardian. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ “Boris Johnson and wife to divorce”. BBC News. 7 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
- ^ Ames, Jonathan (18 February 2020). “PM reaches financial settlement with estranged wife”. The Times. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ Coke, Hope (9 November 2020). “Marina Wheeler opens up about life post-Boris Johnson”. Tatler. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ “Jennifer Arcuri ‘admits to Boris Johnson affair”. The Guardian. 17 October 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
- ^ McKelvie, Geraldine (28 March 2021). “Jennifer Arcuri: Why I’ve decided to speak my truth about Boris Johnson”. Sunday Mirror. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
- ^ Sommerlad, Joe (28 March 2021). “Jennifer Arcuri tells of ‘four-year affair’ with Boris Johnson and calls him ‘cowardly’”. The Independent. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
- ^ “Carrie Symonds: Who is Boris Johnson’s partner?”. itv.com. 22 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
- ^ “PM Johnson and Symonds engaged and expecting baby”. BBC News. 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Braddick, Imogen (2 May 2020). “Boris Johnson and Carrie Symonds name baby boy Wilfred Lawrie Nicholas Johnson after doctors who saved PM’s life”. Evening Standard. London. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
- ^ Proctor, Kate (29 April 2020). “Boris Johnson and Carrie Symonds announce birth of baby boy”. The Guardian. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ “Boris Johnson and Carrie Symonds announce birth of son”. BBC News. 29 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- ^ Beech, Samantha (30 May 2021). “Boris Johnson marries Carrie Symonds in secret wedding”. CNN. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
- ^ “Boris Johnson and Carrie Symonds wed in ‘small ceremony’, No 10 confirms”. The Independent. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
- ^ “Carrie Johnson and Boris Johnson expecting second child”. BBC News. 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
- ^ “Boris and Carrie Johnson announce name of new daughter”. BBC News. London. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ “Boris Johnson’s wife Carrie gives birth to second child”. Sky News. 9 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- ^ Byrnes, Sholto (27 March 2008). “Who is Boris Johnson?”. New Statesman. London. Archived from the original on 3 April 2008.
- ^ “Family of influence behind Boris Johnson”. The Daily Telegraph. 3 May 2008. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
Boris Johnson’s mother: Charlotte Wahl, an artist, brings a more radical dimension to his political heritage. Her father Sir James Fawcett was a prominent barrister and member of the European Commission for Human Rights.
- ^ Clapham, Andrew (1993). “Human Rights in the Private Sphere”. OUP. p. 186.
- ^ “Leo Johnson, partner, PwC Sustainability and Climate Change” (Press release). PricewaterhouseCoopers. 15 January 2009. Archived from the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ Bates, Stephen (14 May 2008). “People”. The Guardian. London.
- ^ Martinson, Jane (27 April 2017). “Rachel Johnson joins Lib Dems in protest against Tory backing for Brexit”. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
- ^ “Rachel Johnson and Gavin Esler to stand for Change UK”. 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019./
- ^ Walden, Celia (11 April 2008). “Stanley Johnson: The man who made Boris”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
- ^ Killen, Mary (March 2015). “Boris Johnson’s mother on her brilliant brood”. Tatler. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 44; Purnell 2011, pp. 19–20; Gimson 2012, pp. 5–7.
- ^ Acar, Özgen (20 June 2008). “Bir Baba Ocağı Ziyareti” [A Visit to Family Home]. Hürriyet Daily News (in Turkish). Istanbul. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
- ^ Gökçe, Deniz (25 April 2016). “Obama ile Boris Johnson Kapıştı” [Obama versus Boris Johnson]. Akşam (in Turkish). Istanbul. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
- ^ Bird, Steve (2 May 2020). “The story of Wilfred Johnson, the decorated WW2 pilot who has given his name to the Prime Minister’s son”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 21; Gimson 2012, p. 10.
- ^ Peled, Daniella (2008). “Interview: Boris Johnson – my Jewish credentials”. The Jewish Chronicle (April). Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ “Boris Johnson’s Sister Reveals His Little-known Past as a Volunteer on an Israeli Kibbutz”. Haaretz. 8 August 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
- ^ Woodward, Will (17 July 2007). “Phooey! One-man melting pot ready to take on King Newt”. The Guardian. London.
- ^ “BBC – Who Do You Think You Are? – Boris Johnson – How we did it – European Aristocracy”. BBC. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “Prime Minister Boris Johnson Traces His Family History | Who Do You Think You Are”. YouTube. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “Mummy found in Basel church is related to Boris Johnson”. swissinfo.ch. 25 January 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
- ^ Foulkes, Imogen (28 January 2018). “Boris Johnson ‘is descendant’ of mummified Basel woman”. BBC News. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ Edwards & Isaby 2008, p. 47.
- ^ Gimson 2012, p. 148.
- ^ Purnell 2011, p. 345.
- ^ Gimson 2012, p. 279.
- ^ “Big girl’s blouse: Johnson faces backlash over Corbyn jibe”. BBC News. 5 September 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
- ^ Belam, Martin (4 September 2019). “‘You great big girl’s blouse’ – Johnson appears to insult Corbyn during PMQs”. The Guardian. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
- ^ “Boris Johnson calls David Cameron ‘girly swot’ in leaked note”. The Guardian. London. 6 September 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
- ^ Drake, Matt (18 October 2019). “David Cameron calls Boris Johnson a ‘greased piglet’ before backing Brexit deal”. The Independent. London. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
- ^ Chadwick, Vince (24 May 2016). “Donald Trump and Boris Johnson kiss and make Out”. Politico.
- ^ Greenslade, Roy (29 June 2016). “New York Post compares Boris Johnson to Donald Trump”. The Guardian. London.
- ^ “London mayor Boris Johnson eyes Trump-style insurgency in EU battle”. Newsweek. Reuters. 23 March 2016.
- ^ Jump up to:a b McTague, Tom (4 October 2021). “Is Boris Johnson a Liar?”. The Atlantic. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
- ^ Wright, Oliver (2 June 2016). “EU referendum: Boris Johnson is like Donald Trump ‘with a thesaurus’, claims Nick Clegg”. The Independent. London.
- ^ “Ken Clarke: Boris Johnson is just a ‘nicer Donald Trump’”. The Daily Telegraph. London. 30 May 2016. Archived from the original on 18 July 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “Trump on Johnson: ‘They call him Britain Trump’”. BBC News. 23 July 2019.
- ^ “Trump’s Muslim comments ‘extraordinary’: Ex London mayor Boris Johnson”. CNBC. 5 June 2016.
- ^ Kentish, Benjamin (30 June 2019). “Boris Johnson praises Trump, saying US president has ‘many, many good qualities’”. The Independent. London. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
- ^ Merrick, Rob (26 June 2018). “Boris Johnson explains why he ‘admires’ Trump and refuses to personally condemn his family separation policy”. The Independent. London. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ Crilly, Rob (7 May 2018). “Boris Johnson warns Trump that abandoning Iran nuclear deal could spark ‘dash for a bomb’”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “Who is Boris Johnson, the man poised to be the next British leader?”. NBC News. 26 May 2019.
- ^ “Our end-of-year awards celebrate the worst in politics”. The Economist. 6 December 2018. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “I was Boris Johnson’s boss: he is utterly unfit to be prime minister | Max Hastings”. The Guardian. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
- ^ Grierson, Jamie (10 December 2021). “Lies, damned lies: the full list of accusations against Boris Johnson”. The Guardian. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Kuenssberg, Laura (1 May 2021). “Boris Johnson: What is the PM’s relationship with the truth?”. BBC News. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
- ^ Stubley, Peter (25 May 2019). “Boris Johnson’s most infamous lies and untruths”. The Independent. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
- ^ Sparrow, Andrew (19 April 2021). “Parties call for inquiry into Boris Johnson’s ‘failure to be honest’”. The Guardian. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
- ^ “The Assault on Truth by Peter Oborne review – Boris Johnson’s lies”. The Guardian. 3 February 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ^ Lynch, David (30 November 2021). “Boris Johnson ‘has demonstrated himself to be liar’, SNP’s Ian Blackford claims”. The Independent. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
- ^ Walker, Peter (26 July 2021). “Dawn Butler was right to call Boris Johnson a liar, says Keir Starmer”. The Guardian. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
- ^ “PM accused of lying about lockdown party after email proves one was held”. ITV News. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ “No evidence for Boris Johnson’s claim about Keir Starmer and Jimmy Savile”. BBC News. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ “Boris Johnson’s policy chief Munira Mirza resigns over PM’s Savile remarks”. BBC News. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ “Top aide quits as UK PM Johnson backs down over Savile barb at rival”. Reuters. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ Johnson, Boris (5 August 2018). “Denmark has got it wrong. Yes, the burka is oppressive and ridiculous – but that’s still no reason to ban it”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ “Johnson burka ‘letter box’ jibe sparks anger”. BBC News. 6 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
- ^ “Johnson ‘won’t apologise’ for burka comments”. BBC News. 7 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
- ^ “Criticism grows of Johnson’s burka jibe”. BBC News. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ “Theresa May demands Boris Johnson apologise for Islamophobic burqa comments”. The Independent. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ “Conservative chairman calls for apology from Boris Johnson over burka remarks”. BT News. 7 August 2018. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
- ^ “Sky Data poll: Comparing women who wear burkas to bank robbers ‘not racist’”. Sky News. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ “Johnson to be investigated over burka row”. BBC News. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ “Boris Johnson cleared by investigation into burka comments”. Sky News. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
- ^ Bienkov, Adam. “Boris Johnson called gay men ‘tank-topped bumboys’ and black people ‘piccaninnies’ with ‘watermelon smiles’”. Business Insider.
- ^ Stefano, Mark Di. “Prime Minister Boris Johnson Used The N-Word In A 2004 Comic Novel”. BuzzFeed.
- ^ Woodcock, Andrew (4 September 2019). “Boris Johnson faces stinging attack over ‘derogatory, racist and Islamophobic’ remarks”. The Independent.
- ^ Dave Hill. “Boris Johnson converts to Islam”. The Guardian.
- ^ “”A Very Social Secretary””. Daybreak Pictures. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- ^ Parker, Robin (27 July 2009). “Cast emerges for More4’s young Tories drama”. Broadcast. Emap Media.
- ^ O’Donovan, Gerard (18 June 2017). “Theresa v Boris: How May Became PM review: an odd yet ambitious concotion”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Wollaston, Sam (19 June 2017). “Theresa vs Boris: How May Became PM review – a timely mix of treachery and Mayhem”. The Guardian.
- ^ Bennett, Asa (28 December 2018). “Brexit: The Uncivil War review: Benedict Cumberbatch is superb in this thrilling romp through the referendum”. The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Elliott, Matthew (4 January 2019). “Vote Leave’s Matthew Elliott on Channel 4’s Brexit: The Uncivil War”. Financial Times. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
Screenwriter James Graham has turned the campaign into a compelling story – and nailed my mannerisms.
- ^ “2DTV cast and crew credits”. British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- ^ “Newzoids returns for second series”. ITV Press Centre. 9 May 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
- ^ “Headcases cast and crew credits”. British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- ^ White, Adam (8 December 2020). “Saturday Night Live: James Corden plays Boris Johnson in ‘good-looking bad boys of NATO’ sketch”. The Independent. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
- ^ Carr, Flora (2 October 2020). “Spitting Image puppets – here’s who appears in the BritBox revival”. Radio Times. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
- ^ Clarke, Patrick (14 December 2020). “Watch Robbie Williams play Boris Johnson in video for festive single ‘Can’t Stop Christmas’”. NME. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
- ^ Greig, James (23 December 2020). “A Song Called ‘Boris Johnson Is a Fucking C*nt’ Could Be Christmas Number 1”. www.vice.com. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ “Official Singles Chart Top 100: 25 December 2020 – 31 December 2020”. Official Charts Company. 25 December 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
- ^ “Honorary Graduates”. Brunel University London. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ “RIBA Honorary Fellowships 2018 announced”. Architecture.com. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
The lifetime honour allows recipients to use the initials Hon FRIBA after their name.
- ^ Fulcher, Merlin (6 December 2011). “Boris Johnson scoops RIBA honorary fellowship”. Architects Journal. London. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ “London mayor Boris Johnson named honorary Australian of the Year”. The Guardian. London. Associated Press. 26 January 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ Magnay, Jacquelin (26 January 2014). “Boris Johnson admits to being a bit baffled by honorary Aussie award”. The Australian. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
- ^ Tilbrook, Richard (15 July 2016). “Business Transacted and Orders Approved at the Privy Council Held by the Queen at Buckingham Palace on 15th July 2016” (PDF). The Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
Sources
- Bower, Tom (2021). Boris Johnson: The Gambler. Random House. ISBN 978-0753554920.
- Crines, Andrew S. (2013). “Why did Boris Johnson win the 2012 mayoral election?”. Public Policy and Administration Research. 3 (9): 1–7.
- Edwards, Giles; Isaby, Jonathan (2008). Boris v. Ken: How Boris Johnson Won London. London: Politico’s. ISBN 978-1-84275-225-8.
- Gimson, Andrew (2012). Boris: The Rise of Boris Johnson (second ed.). Simon & Schuster.
- Hill, Dave (2016). Zac Versus Sadiq: The Fight to Become London Mayor. Not specified: Double Q. ISBN 978-1-911079-20-0.
- Hosken, Andrew (2008). Ken: The Ups and Downs of Ken Livingstone. Arcadia Books. ISBN 978-1-905147-72-4.
- Johnson, Stanley (2009). Stanley I Presume. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-0-00-729673-6.
- Purnell, Sonia (2011). Just Boris: Boris Johnson: The Irresistible Rise of a Political Celebrity. London: Aurum Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84513-665-9.
Notes
- ^ Deputised as First Secretary of State between July 2019 and September 2021; as Deputy Prime Minister since September 2021.
- ^ Formally, Parliament is prorogued by the monarch (Queen Elizabeth II) on the advice of the prime minister; it is a common legal fiction in the UK that many executive functions of the prime minister are formally carried out by the monarch on the prime minister’s “advice“, which is effectively the legal instrument by which the prime minister carries out the function. It was this advice of Johnson’s that was ruled unlawful, not the actions of the Queen.[6]
- ^ Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2257/94 introduced the requirement for bananas to be “free from malformation or abnormal curvature”; different standards applied to different classes of banana.[94]
- ^ The EU introduced limits on the power of vacuum cleaners in 2014.[96][97]
- ^ This was a reduction on the 2035 target set in February that year, which brought forward the previous deadline of 2040.[596]
- ^ Sources differ on whether the marriage ended in divorce[756][757] or with an annulment.[106][758]
Further reading
- Gimson, Andrew. Boris: The Adventures of Boris Johnson (Simon and Schuster, 2012).
- Dale, Iaian. The Little Book of Boris. (Harriman House Ltd., 2007) ISBN 978-1-905641-64-2
- Hayton, Richard. “Conservative Party Statecraft and the Johnson Government.” Political Quarterly (2021). online
- Heppell, Timothy, and Thomas McMeeking. “The Conservative Party Leadership Transition from Theresa May to Boris Johnson: Party Popularity and Leadership Satisfaction.” Representation 57.1 (2021): 59–73.
- O’Toole, Fintan, “The King of Little England”, The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVIII, no. 10 (10 June 2021), pp. 44–46.
- Vasudevan, A. The Thinking Man’s Idiot: The Wit and Wisdom of Boris Johnson (New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd., 2008) ISBN 978-1-84773-359-7
- Worthy, Ben, Mark Bennister, and Max W. Stafford. “Rebels leading London: the mayoralties of Ken Livingstone and Boris Johnson compared.” British Politics 14.1 (2019): 23–43. excerpt
External links
- Boris Johnson official website
- Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom
- Contributions in Parliament at Hansard
- Boris Johnson column archives at The Daily Telegraph
- Portraits of Boris Johnson at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- Works by or about Boris Johnson in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Boris Johnson on the Muck Rack journalist listing site
-
Borys Kolesnikov
Borys Viktorovych Kolesnikov (Ukrainian: Борис Вікторович Колесніков, born October 25, 1962)[5] is the leader of the political party Ukraine is Our Home.[6][8] He is the former secretary of the Party of Regions‘ presidium, former people’s deputy in Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine‘s national parliament) and head of the Verkhovna Rada Committee on Transport and Communications, and former deputy prime minister of Ukraine and former Minister of Infrastructure of Ukraine.[3] He is the owner and president of the HC Donbass ice hockey club.
Contents
- 1Biography
- 2Political activity
- 3State activity
- 4Assets
- 5Charity
- 6Personal life
- 7Honours and awards
- 8See also
- 9References
- 10External links
Biography
Born on October 25, 1962, in Zhdanov, Donetsk Oblast, Ukrainian SSR (now Mariupol, Ukraine).
In 1991 graduated from Donetsk National Technical University majoring in Merchandising. Graduated from Donetsk State University of Management[9] (1997) majoring in Economic Manager.[7]
Since 1980 he has worked in various positions in commercial enterprises in the Donetsk Oblast (province), mainly in the steel industry.[7]
Beginning from 1991 – director of “Yug” trading company; chairman of the board of directors, chairman of the board of directors of Production Association “Kyiv-Konti”, CJSC (later the Konti Company). From 1998 – vice-president of football club Shakhtar Donetsk.[10] From 2002 – chairman of the Football Federation of Donetsk Oblast.[5]
From 2001 to 2006 he was head of the Donetsk Regional Council.
Beginning from 2001 a spokesperson of Borys Kolesnikov was Mrs. Olena Bondarenko. Late 2003 – Head of Donetsk Regional Branch of the Party of Regions.[11]
Known as one of the organizers of the Congress of Deputies of All Levels in Severodonetsk on November 28, 2004.[12] At the 2006 parliamentary elections in Ukraine and 2007 parliamentary elections in Ukraine was elected to Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament) as a member of the Party of Regions (both times listed number ten).
In 2010 appointed to the position of the Vice Prime Minister responsible for Euro 2012. On 9 December 2010 by the Decree of the president of Ukraine was appointed to the position of the Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine, the Minister of Infrastructure of Ukraine.[13]
Kolesnikov is considered an ally of Rinat Akhmetov; another influential Party of Regions member, industrial and politician. Kolesnykov and Akhmetov have been friends from a young age.[7]
In a 30 July 2014 interview with the FBI, Paul Manafort stated that Kolesnikov was his “principal contact” in the Party of Regions.[14]
Political activity
Kolesnikov entered politics in 1999 when Victor Yanukovych was Donetsk Oblast governor,[15] Then another five years as chairman of the Regional Council.[7] First as deputy chairman of the Donetsk Regional Council. In November 2004, during the Orange Revolution, Kolesnikov stated that if Viktor Yushchenko would become President of Ukraine that “would prompt the establishment of a new federal state in the form of a southeastern republic with its capital in Kharkiv“.[16][17] Yushchenko did become president and this federal state never materialized.[18] Kolesnikov was arrested early 2005 on charges of abuse of office, extortion and making a death threat. Kolesnikov has repeatedly denied the charges, which were later dropped.[15] The party claimed to be a victim of a political persecution campaign organized by the new government. The Party of Regions claimed the arrest was an example of political repression.[19] The Council of Europe called the investigation “in full compliance with European standards”.[19] Kolesnikov has since been cleared of charges[20] and released from pre-trial detention in August 2005 when he offered a written pledge not to flee the country.[21] By October 2005 Kolesnikov had resumed his job as head of the regional council.[22]
Kolesnikov was elected to the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament) as a member of Party of the Regions in 2006 and 2007 (in 2007 as No. 10 on the list[5])[15] and again in the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election (as No. 8 on the list).[23]
After winning the 2010 presidential election Victor Yanukovych stated (on February 9, 2010) that Kolesnikov was his preferred next Prime Minister of Ukraine.[24] Instead of becoming Prime Minister Kolesnikov was anointed by the Verkhovna Rada (on March 11, 2010) Vice Prime Minister in the Azarov Government (responsible for hosting Euro 2012[25]).[3]
Kolesnikov was not re-appointed in the second Azarov Government and instead kept his mandate in Verkhovna Rada.[1]
Kolesnikov did not participate in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election.[26][23]
Kolesnikov did participate in the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election but did not win a seat in constituency #49 in Druzhkivka.[27] He finished second in this constituency gaining 32.33% of the votes; winner Valeriy Gnatenko [uk] of the party Opposition Platform — For Life won with 38% of the votes.[28]
In May 2021 Kolesnikov became the political leader of the new party Ukraine is Our Home.[6]
State activity
On March 11, 2010, Borys Kolesnikov was appointed to the position of Vice Prime Minister for Euro 2012. And in December he took the office of the Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine and the Minister of Infrastructure of Ukraine.
Euro 2012
The number one task for Kolesnikov as supervisor of preparations for Euro 2012 became protecting Ukrainian rights to host European Football Championship.
In June 2010 the UEFA Supervisory Board decided to approve the country’s right to host European Football Championship 2012 in all four Ukrainian cities – Kyiv, Donetsk, Lviv and Kharkiv, which Borys Kolesnikov commented as follows: “Ukraine may fear no more lest any of its cities was suspended from the list of European Football Championship 2012 hosting cities”.[29]
Borys Kolesnikov’s further work on Euro preparations was related to construction and reconstruction of Ukrainian stadiums and airports, and also development of infrastructure objects.
According to Borys Kolesnikov, the total UEFA EURO preparation expenditure was about $5 bln.[30] “We have built four international level airports in just 18 months. In Kyiv, we have completed the runway and constructed a new terminal. Fifty million euros have been used as operating costs, including for specialist services such as translators, personnel recruitment and training”, Borys Kolesnikov said in his interview to an Italian newspaper.[31]
UEFA president and executive committee thanked the vice-prime minister of Ukraine Borys Kolesnikov for the excellent organization of EURO 2012 in Ukraine. “This EURO was a spectacular success at every level. As Vice-Prime Minister you have played a crucial role in ensuring that Ukrainian games are held to the highest standards. I am very grateful to you for your valuable support in the preparation process”, Michel Platini, UEFA President, wrote in his letter to Vice-Prime Minister, according to the Ukraine-2012 Infocenter website and Ukrainian IA Interfax.[32][33]
Speaking about the organization of EURO 2012 Martin Kallen, UEFA Operations Director, said: “It was a great tournament setting new organizational standards for the future”.[34]
According to Le Cercle Les Echos, the French newspaper, during the championship Ukraine was visited by many tourists who were very happy with the organization of EURO 2012. The event attracted foreigners to a previously unknown country, which will help develop tourism business in the future.[30]
According to the Research & Branding Group survey, nearly two-thirds of Ukrainians were positively impressed with the championship. Three-quarters of Ukrainians believe that their country hosted EURO 2012 at a high level, and only 12 percent think otherwise.[35]
Opinions:
“Every time I come to Borys Kolesnikov’s office I see all constructions displayed on the monitor of his PC, and he follows them online”, said Mr. Tigipko, adding also that he highly estimates efforts made by Mr. Kolesnikov when preparing Ukraine for the European Championship. “It’s very good we keep up with the UEFA schedules, and we fulfil the obligations undertaken, implementation of which had been seriously threatened before. I think it is a personal credit of Borys Kolesnikov, since he is the man actively managing the matters of Euro 2012”, stated Serhiy Tihipko.[36]
For quick paces of construction and reconstruction of stadiums and airports UEFA General Secretary Gianni Infantino called him Super-Borys.[37][38]
According to Kommentari paper “After the Euro 2012 Kolesnikov may become the most popular ‘white-and-blue’ politician. Depending on how successfully will be Euro 2012 hosted in Ukraine, the whole activity of Borys Kolesnikov, the Vice Prime Minister and Minister of Infrastructure, will be evaluated for the whole period of his office in the Cabinet of Ministers”.[39]
Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine
As a head of the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine, in 2010 Borys Kolesnikov defined key priorities of activities and infrastructure development in the following directions:
Public affairs
For the time under the management of Kolesnikov the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine has increased its presence in social networks: from June 2011 the Ministry has been an active user of Facebook social network. A prohibition to photographing at railway stations and airports was raised. Entire ticket: by Euro 2012 one will be able to purchase in Ukraine a ticket for any interurban transport. Starting from June one can pay in payment terminals for railway and bus tickets purchased over the Internet. Insurance benefits for the passengers against traffic accidents now have become twice as much, in 2011 insurance settlement increased up to UAH 102,000.
AviationThe Greate Opening of a new air-strip in Donetsk
In 2011 a contract was signed with Ilyushyn Finance, CJSC, a leasing company, on supply of first An-158 aircraft.
On May 19, 2011, Kolesnikov presented state enterprise “Antonov” with a certificate to synthetic flight training system of the D level.
On June 26, 2011 – a new flight strip of International Airport in Donetsk (4 km long, 75 m wide, 1 m thick). Now Kolesnikov plans to make full modernization of flight strips at Kharkiv and Lviv airdromes.
New airdrome control tower was launched in Simferopol, it is the first tower built at times of Ukraine’s independence.
Railway
Talking about reforming of Ukrainian Railway at the summary press conference “Summing up results of the first half of the year. Development plan of the branch.”, Borys Kolesnikov defined three priorities. “First is to forget night train travelling in six years: any location in Ukraine will be reached during a day. And that thanks to new trains again. Second is traffic electrification (“Out of 22,000 kilometres of railroads only a half was electrified, we must increase this figure to 15,000”). Third is locomotive fleet modernization: we still use out-of-date Soviet Fleet”.[40]
To implement the plans being shaped, to make high-speed train connection between Kyiv and Ukrainian cities hosting the Euro 2012, at the end of December 2010 a contract was signed with Hyundai Corporation under which Ukrainian Railway obtains 10 new multi-region electric trains. Moreover, first six trains will allow express traffic between Kyiv, Donetsk, Kharkiv and Lviv. For instance, one will be able to get to Kharkiv in 3.5 hrs, Lviv in 4.5 hrs, Donetsk in 5.5–6 hrs.
Kolesnikov is also concentrated on maritime sector of Ukraine, roads and vehicles.
Assets
According to official data Borys Kolesnikov’s assets make APK-Invest and Konti, CJSC (Donetsk-based Konti confectionery manufactury).[41][42]
According to Focus magazine in 2006 Borys Kolesnikov was ranked 10th in the ranking of most influential representatives from Donetsk region. In 2007 Borys Kolesnikov took 20th place in the Top 100 most influential Ukrainian people by Korrespondent magazine.[43]
Last year’s (2010) total turnover of Konti and APK-Invest exceeded UAH 4 billion. Only the assets of Borys Kolesnikov himself were estimated at $810 million.[44]
Charity
In 2008 Borys Kolesnikov established a registered charitable fund.[45]
By that time charity was made as personal gifts. Beginning from 2004 under his initiative best pupils were granted trips to Disneyland in Paris, foreign trips for war veterans were organized, a reconstruction of Olimpiyskyi regional sport complex in Donetsk was made. Significant means were given to health recovery of children, support of country’s cultural inheritance.[46]
According to the Fund aide, today’s activity of organization is made within the programs dedicated to development of education, search for and support of gifted and active youth, formation of healthy lifestyle, preservation of country’s cultural and historical inheritance and creation of new historical, cultural and scientific values.
At the end of 2010 Borys Kolesnikov’s Foundation spent over 8 million hryvnias (US$1 million) for charity.[47] In 2011 the foundation spent more than UAH 11000000 (US$1.4 million) on the realization of the charitable programs.[48] The funds were used to support S. Krushelnitska National Academic Theatre of Opera and Ballet,[45] the best Ukrainian athletes,[49] health care maintaining [50] and other programs. In 2012 the size of the charitable investment has exceeded over UAH 18000000 (US$2.2 million), more than UAH 10000000 (US$1.2 million) were spent on the development of sport. In 2013 Borys Kolesnikov’s Foundation was admitted as the leader in the National Rating of Philanthropists in the nomination “Support of sport and physical education”.[51]
Personal life
Family
Kolesnikov was married (a wife Svitlana), had two children: a daughter Kateryna (2004) and a son Kostyantyn (1992).
Hobbies
Among Kolesnikov’s hobbies are association football and hockey. Owing to his passion for hockey in 2010 Kolesnikov bought a hockey club.
“I became a 100% owner of the club in July, in the last year. I always loved hockey, since I was a kid. I remember hockey since the USSR first match played against Canadian professionals on September 1, 1972, since we were dumped the first puck on the first minute. The USSR team won then 7:3”, said Kolesnikov to the journalists of Ukrainska Pravda.[52]
Honours and awards
- Deputy Head of the Party of Regions.
- Member of the Political Board of the Party of Regions.
- Deputy Head of the Fraction of the Party of Regions in Verkhovna Rada.
- Member of parliamentary committee for economic policy.
- Member of the Interim special parliamentary committee for elaborating draft laws on amending the Constitution of Ukraine.
- Member of joint committee for cooperation of Verkhovna Rada and Federal assembly of Russian Federation.
- Deputy Head of Ukraine’s permanent delegation in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.
- Member of parliamentary group for interparliamentary ties with Japan, Germany, France.
- President of Football Federation of Donetsk region.
- Awarded with the Order of Merit of the II Degree.[53][54]
See also
References
- ^ Jump up to:a b (in Ukrainian) Колесніков Борис Вікторович Archived 2012-08-26 at the Wayback Machine, Verkhovna Rada
- ^ “CEC registers 357 newly elected deputies of 422”. National Radio Company of Ukraine. 25 November 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014.
“Parliament to form leadership and coalition on November 27”. UNIAN. 26 November 2014. - ^ Jump up to:a b c “VR approved structure of Cabinet of Ministers (update)”. www.unian.info.
- ^ Yanukovych appoints new Cabinet of Ministers, Kyiv Post (24 December 2012)
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f “Жіночий Світ”. Жіночий Світ. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c (in Ukrainian) Borys Kolesnikov was elected the leader of the new party “Ukraine is our home”, Interfax-Ukraine (30 May 2021)
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e (in Russian) Борис Колесников, file.liga.net (September 3, 2008)
- ^ “Лідер”. uaourhome.com (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-11-24.
- ^ Donetsk State University of Management
- ^ Shakhtar Donetsk
- ^ Party of Regions
- ^ “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
- ^ http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=243443775&cat_id=32580[dead link]
- ^ “Interview of Paul Manafort” (PDF). FBI. 2 September 2014. p. 2. Retrieved 11 August 2021 – via Justthenews.com.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Yanukovych’s inner circle, Kyiv Post (January 24, 2009)
- ^ Yushchenko and Yanukovych aides to return to table as momentum builds for revote, Kyiv Post (28 November 2004)
- ^ Supreme Court considers Ukraine election appeal, eastern region sets referendum on autonomy, Kyiv Post (29 November 2004)
- ^ Ukraine timeline, BBC News
- ^ Jump up to:a b Countries at the crossroads: a survey of democratic governance by Sanja Tatic & Christopher Walker, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7425-5801-4 (page 580)
- ^ Yanukovych’s inner circle, Kyiv Post (January 24, 2010)
- ^ RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs) – UKR101137.E, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (April 12, 2006)
- ^ Corruption Watch: October 3, 2005, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (October 3, 2005)
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Електоральна пам’ять”. ukr.vote.
- ^ “Yanukovych opts for Borys Kolesnykov to become premier”, Z I K (February 9, 2010)
- ^ Ukraine’s Party of Regions to choose new leader Archived 2012-10-17 at the Wayback Machine, RIA Novosti (April 23, 2010)
- ^ (in Ukrainian) Alphabetical Index of candidates in 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election, Central Election Commission of Ukraine.
- ^ “Колесніков визнав поразку на окрузі в Дружківці”. LB.ua.
- ^ “Електоральна пам’ять”. ukr.vote.
- ^ “Колесников уверен, что Украина отстояла право на Евро-2012 (Украина может больше не опасаться, что какой-нибудь из ее городов будет исключен из числа принимающих городов Чемпионата Европы по футболу 2012 года)”. for-ua.com.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Et si le vainqueur de l’Euro 2012 c’était l’Ukraine ?”. 5 July 2012.
- ^ “Euro 2012: in Ucraina 700mila biglietti venduti, quasi due milioni di visitatori e investimenti per 5 miliardi $ – Il Sole 24 ORE”.
- ^ “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 2013-02-18. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
- ^ http://www.interfax.com.ua/rus/main/113100/[dead link]
- ^ “UEFA: Euro to sukces daleko wykraczający poza oczekiwania”. September 8, 2012. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012.
- ^ “Przegląd Wiadomości”. stooq.pl (in Polish).
- ^ “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
- ^ “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 2012-12-03. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
- ^ “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 2012-03-31. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
- ^ “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 2012-12-04. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
- ^ “Колесников огласил итоги полугодия”. 18 July 2011.
- ^ “Yanukovych’s inner circle – Jan. 24, 2010”. KyivPost. January 24, 2010.
- ^ “Kommentary, Колесников должен выстрелить через год (russian)”. Archived from the original on 2012-12-04. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
- ^ “IA Minprom, Персоны (russian)”.
- ^ “Forbes недооценил Бориса Колесникова”. www.ukrrudprom.ua.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Ответственность за историческое и культурное наследие — Delo.ua”. delo.ua.
- ^ “Слюсаренко Оксана”. LIGA.
- ^ “Kontrakty, Rankings (Russian)”. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2011-08-31.
- ^ “Корреспондент: Искусство требует пожертвований. Главные филантропы Украины”. korrespondent.net.
- ^ “Федоришин и Осипенко-Радомская стали “Героями спортивного года””. Gazeta.ua. April 1, 2011.
- ^ “Колесников подарил врачам авто С-класса”. www.segodnya.ua.
- ^ “Рейтинг главных благотворителей Украины”. ukraine.segodnya.ua.
- ^ “Борис Колесніков: Чому зібрався в Києві податковий майдан? Це ж смішно!”. www.pravda.com.ua.
- ^ “Колесніков Борис. ДОСЬЄ”. Досьє.
- ^ “Чубаров Рефат”. LIGA.
External links
- Media related to Borys Kolesnykov at Wikimedia Commons
Official websites
- Website of Ukrainian Government
- Website of the Party of Regions
- Website of the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine Archived 2014-02-08 at the Wayback Machine
- Website of EURO 2012
- UEFA official website
Biographies
Interviews
-
Rinat Akhmetov
Rinat Leonidovych Akhmetov (Ukrainian: Ріна́т Леоні́дович Ахме́тов [r⁽ʲ⁾iˈnɑt leoˈn⁽ʲ⁾idowɪtʃ ɐxˈmɛtou̯]; Russian: Рина́т Леони́дович Ахме́тов [rʲɪˈnat lʲɪɐˈnʲidəvʲɪtɕ ɐˈxmʲetəf]; Tatar: Cyrillic Ринат Леонид улы Әхмәтов, Latin Rinat Leonid uly Ӓkhmӓtov; born on 21 September 1966) is a Ukrainian billionaire businessman.[1] He is the founder and president of System Capital Management (SCM), and ranked among the wealthiest men in Ukraine.[2] As of June 2021, he was listed as the 327th richest man in the world with an estimated net worth of US 7.5 billion.[3] Some sources have claimed that Akhmetov has been involved in organized crime.[4][5], but Akhmetov has never been charged with a crime.[6][7] Akhmetov is the owner and president of the Ukrainian football club Shakhtar Donetsk. In 2006–2007 and 2007–2012, Akhmetov was a member of the Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada (parliament) for the Party of Regions.[8][9][10]
Contents
- 1Early life
- 2Business career
- 3Political activity
- 4Sports and patronage
- 5Personal life
- 6Philanthropy
- 7Controversies
- 8Awards
- 9See also
- 10Notes
- 11References
- 12External links
Early life
Rinat Akhmetov was born in Donetsk, Ukrainian SSR, to a working-class family. He is an ethnic Volga Tatar[11][12][13] and a practicing Sunni Muslim.[14] His father, Leonid Akhmetov was a coal-miner[9][15] and his mother, Nyakiya Nasredinovna, was a shop assistant.
Akhmetov had an older brother, Igor, who also worked as a coal miner but had to resign due to work-related health complications.[16] Igor died on 24 January 2021.[17]
Akhmetov earned a bachelor’s degree in economics from Donetsk National University in 2001.[18][19]
Business career
Beginnings
Details regarding Akhmetov’s past, how he obtained his wealth after the fall of communism in Ukraine, and his activities between 1985 and 1995, remain controversial.[20][21] Akhmetov has stated in interviews that he successfully made risky business investments in the first years after the collapse of the Soviet Union,[21] and in 2010, denied he inherited any money from Akhat Bragin or anyone else: “I have earned my first million by trading coal and coke, and spent the money on assets that no one wanted to buy. It was a risk but it was worth it”.[22] Many publications in Ukraine and other European countries have made claims about Akhmetov’s alleged “criminal past”, some of which later retracted their statements.[20][23][24]Akhmetov and Leonid Kuchma, the second president of independent Ukraine
In his documentary book Donetsk Mafia: Anthology,[25] Ukrainian author Serhiy Kuzin claims Akhmetov held the role of a ‘mafia thug’ in his early years;[26] according to Hans van Zon, Professor of Central and Eastern European Studies in the University of Sunderland, “As early as 1986, Rinat and his brother Igor were involved in criminal activities.”[4]
In the 1980s, Akhmetov acted as an assistant to Akhat Bragin, whom law enforcement agencies regarded as a powerful crime boss;[21] allegedly in the illegal cloth trading business.[4] Andrew Wilson, a scholar specializing in Ukrainian politics, categorized Akhmetov as an alleged former ‘enforcer’ and ‘leader’ of “[Akhat] Bragin’s ‘Tatar’ clan”, responsible for the use of “mafia methods to push aside the ‘red directors’ of the Industrial Union of Donbas (ISD)”.[27] By the early 1990s, Akhmetov began acquiring property in Donetsk allegedly by means of extortion with the assistance of Volodymyr Malyshev, Lieutenant-General of The Head of Ministry of Internal Affairs Department in Donetsk Oblast.[4] Malyshev, now a member of Ukraine’s Parliament on the committee controlling law enforcement, is accused by Kuzin of using his position to do away with previously existing police records concerning Akhmetov shortly before becoming chief of security for Akhmetov’s company.[23] “In [the 1990s], Akhmetov was very different – he was totally private with no public persona, and was trying to find ways to deal with his ‘difficult past’”, noted U.S. ambassador William Taylor, citing prominent Ukrainian businessman Serhiy Taruta. Further in that article cited the answer of the spokesperson for Akhmetov addressed to the Kyiv Post: “We don’t know whether this phrase is authentic and what it actually means. Although, any accusations of Mr Akhmetov’s involvement in criminal structures is slander.”[28]
In October 1995, Bragin, president of Shakhtar Donetsk football club, was killed in a mysterious bombing along with six of his bodyguards at the team’s stadium during a match.[29] Some rumours associate Akhmetov with the death of Bragin.[27] Following the assassinations, Akhmetov is said to have “inherited a vast financial empire from Bragin”.[4]Akhmetov, Viktor Yanukovych and Viktor Chernomyrdin
Akhmetov would head Dongorbank (formerly Akceptbank) in 1995.[30]
In September 1999, an official Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs report titled the “Overview of the Most Dangerous Organized Crime Structures in Ukraine” identified Akhmetov as a leader of an organized crime syndicate. The report tied the group to money laundering, financial fraud, and the control of numerous large and fictitious companies.[23][31] The report also says that the group’s activities “have been stopped,” and says further that their criminal natures “have not been confirmed”.[23]
Released in a WikiLeaks diplomatic cable, Volodymyr Horbulin, one of Ukraine’s most respected policy strategists and former presidential advisor, told the U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine in 2006 that the Party of Regions, which “enjoyed deep pockets, being largely financed by billionaire Donetsk boss Rinat Akhmetov” is partly composed of “pure criminals” and “criminal and anti-democracy figures”.[32] In a U.S. diplomatic cable dated 3 February 2006, then U.S. Ambassador John Herbst referred to Akhmetov’s Party of Regions as “long a haven for Donetsk-based mobsters and oligarchs” and called Akhmetov the “godfather” of the Donetsk clan.[28]
After Ukraine’s Orange Revolution of late 2004, in an attempt to fight corruption, several prominent businessmen who were also Party of Regions members came under criminal investigation;[33] In 2011, Hennadiy Moskal, who in 2005 acted as Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, gave an interview to Ukrainian magazine Профиль (profil-ua), where he claimed to have been under Presidential orders in 2005 to investigate and audit Akhmetov for his alleged role in organized crime. Concrete evidence was never officially revealed against him, nor his company. According to Moskal, the MVS investigated all incidents related to missing people in 1990s in Donetsk region, who had any property left, and its current owners, but no connections with Rinat Akhmetov and his entourage were found.[34] Looking back, Moskal concluded that “we had nothing on Akhmetov in 2005”.[34] According to political journal’s Post-Soviet Affairs, and The Nation, Akhmetov was investigated on murder charges and for his alleged role in organized crime in the Donetsk region. To avoid prosecution he was prompted to flee the country to Monaco.[34][35][36][37] In June 2005, Serhiy Kornich, then head of the Interior Ministry’s economic crimes department, stated publicly that Akhmetov was “the head of [an] organized crime group.”[38] That year, Borys Kolesnikov, a friend and associate who had been tied to Akhmetov since the 1980s, was arrested on charges of extortion and conspiracy to assassinate a rival Donetsk businessman.[35] Charges against Akhmetov and Kolesnikov were dropped in 2006 amid a significant rise in political power by the former,[35] and the cooperation of the Yuschenko government,[37] ending Akhmetov’s exile.
SCM Group
Akhmetov founded System Capital Management Group (JSC “SCM”) in 2000, and has been its sole proprietor since 2009.[39] During his career SCM has grown to be one of Ukraine’s leading financial and industrial firms[40] with assets including over 100 businesses in metals and mining, power generation, banking and insurance, telecommunications, media and real estate; and revenues of around $12.8 billion and has assets worth over $22.7 billion.[41] The largest company in the SCM Group is Metinvest, which is a mining and steel business and is generally agreed to be Ukraine’s largest private business and is one of the larger steel businesses in Europe.
In 2001, Epic, a Vienna-based investment company agreed to purchase 93% of Ukrtelecom, a telephone monopoly owned by SCM, for $1.3 billion.[42]
In June 2004,[43] Akhmetov and Viktor Pinchuk (the son-in-law of then-President Leonid Kuchma) acquired the steel factory Kryvorizhstal for roughly $800 million from the state in a 2004 tender despite much higher bids made by foreign companies.[44] Later, in 2005, the first Tymoshenko Government reversed this sale, and held a nationally televised repeat auction that netted a record-breaking $4.8 billion.[44]
SCM has been recognized as a leader of Ukrainian corporate social responsibility ratings, garnering the top nomination by Gvardiya Magazine‘s rankings of Ukraine’s “Socially Responsible Companies” in 2011. SCM had previously won in 2009,[45] and 2010.[46]
In 2008, UAH 3.4 million was given to compensate the victims and people whose relatives died in the blasts at Akhmetov’s Krasnolimanskaya and Karla Marksa coal mines.[47][48] A further UAH 600,000 was given to relatives of 6 miners killed in a methane blast at the Duvannaya coal mine.[49]
Akhmetov’s business empire has benefited enormously from his access to power.[50] Forbes reports that in January 2014, for example, his businesses won 31% of all state tenders.[50]
In March 2017, after the DPR leadership announced that it would establish external control over all Ukrainian businesses in the republic’s responsibility zone, Akhmetov released a statement saying that his businesses in the Donetsk and Lugansk People’s Republics (DPR and LPR) would remain under Ukrainian jurisdiction and would not pay taxes to “self-proclaimed LPR and DPR”.[51]
In April 2017, a court in Pechersk, Kyiv seized Akhmetov’s shares in Ukrtelecom and TriMob, telephony and cellphone companies owned by Akhmetov. The assets seized were part of an investigation into the privatization of Ukrtelecom in 2011 and Akhmetov’s ties to Victor Yanukovich, exiled to Russia in 2014. SCM has denied all allegations and issued a statement saying they would defend their ownership rights.[52] On 19 October 2017, the state ruled that Akhmetov was to return all ownership rights to the state and pay a fine of $82 million for failing to fulfill privatization obligations.[53] In December 2017, as part of the Ukrtelecom ownership legal battle, a court in Cyprus issued an order to freeze $820 million in assets held by Akhmetov. In January 2018, a Dutch court issued an order, based on the same litigation, to “freeze SCM’s Netherlands-registered businesses, which include Ukraine’s largest steel company Metinvest and largest private power and coal producer, DTEK.”[54][55]
In June 2018 the Ukraine Supreme Economic Court ruled against the renationalization of Ukrtelecom and Akhemtov controls ownership of the company through SCM Holdings.[56]
In September of the same year Akhmetov was criticized over environmental concerns faced by residents of Mariupol caused by two steel plants, Ilyich Iron and Steel Works Plant and the Azov Stal Steel Plant, both owned by Metinvest.[57]
Wealth
Akhmetov with Donbas oligarch Serhiy Taruta
Rinat Akhmetov has been number one in Korrespondent magazine annual Ukraine’s Top 50 richest people rating with the estimated wealth of:
- 2006 – $11.8 bn[58]
- 2007 – $15.6 bn[59]
- 2008 – $31.1 bn[60]
- 2009 – $9.6 bn[61]
- 2010 – $17.8 bn[62]
- 2011 – $25.6 bn[63]
- 2012 – $17.8 bn[64]
- 2013 – $18.3 bn[65]
- 2014 – $10.1 bn[66]
- 2019 – $7.7 bn[67]
- 2020 – $7.7 bn[68]
- 2021 – $8.5 bn[69]
Forbes‘ The World’s Billionaires rating:
- 2006 – No. 451 with a net worth of $1.7 bil[70]
- 2007 – No. 214 with $4.0 bn[71]
- 2008 – No. 127 with $7.3 bn[72]
- 2009 – No. 397 with $1.8 bn[73]
- 2010 – No. 148 with $5.2 bn[74]
- 2011 – No. 39 with $16 bn.[8]
- 2012 – No. 39 with $16 bn.[8]
- 2013 – No. 47 with $15.4 bn.[8]
- 2015 – No. 201 with $6.7 bn.[75]
- 2016 – No. 771 with $3.4 bn.[76]
- 2017 – No. 359 with $4.6 bn[77]
- 2018 – No. 334 with $5.5 bn[78]
- 2019 – No. 272 with $6 bn[79]
- 2020 – No. 875 with $2.4 bn[80]
- 2021 – No. 327 with $7.6 bn[81]
In 2018 Akhmetov’s fortune was valued at approx. $5.9 billion. Bloomberg reported that he was the richest person in Ukraine and that he had regained all of his losses suffered after the conflict with Russia in 2013–2014.[82]
Political activity
Akhmetov has been noted as a financier and unofficial leader of the Party of Regions political party.[28][32]
Following the Orange Revolution, Akhmetov was pivotal in arranging a lasting relationship between his employee and close friend Paul Manafort and defeated presidential candidate Viktor Yanukovich.[83] Also, Akhmetov ensured proper translation services for Manafort through Konstantin Kilimnik, a Russia Army trained linguist and known Russian intelligence operative that operates Manafort’s office in Kyiv.[84] Kilimnik has been central to collecting fees owed to Manafort’s company by the Russia-friendly political party called Opposition Bloc.[84]
In a 13 September 2007 diplomatic cable released between prominent Ukrainian business partners Serhiy Taruta, Vitaliy Haiduk, and U.S. ambassador William Taylor, Taruta alleged that Akhmetov had in 1997 persuaded Ukrainian president Leonid Kuchma to appoint Viktor Yanukovych governor of Donetsk oblast, who then in turn made Haiduk his deputy.[28] In follow up of the released cables, Akhmetov’s spokesperson refused comment and Haiduk denied the conversation taking place.[28]
Akhmetov was elected as a member of Ukraine’s Verkhovna Rada (parliament) during the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election as a member of the Party of Regions.[9][18][85] Akhmetov was reelected during the 2007 parliamentary election again as a member of the Party of Regions.[21][86] However, he only appeared once in the Verkhovna Rada building during his inauguration.[85] Leader of the party’s faction in the Verkhovna Rada, Oleksander Yefremov, has mentioned that Rinat Akhmetov provides “substantive support” to the faction by providing what he referred to as “functioning expert groups he established that are counseling on draft laws”.[87][88] In December 2011 Akhmetov announced he was not going to participate in the 2012 parliamentary election.[89]
U.S. diplomatic cables revealed that Akhmetov posted $2 million bail in 2007 for the release of three members of the Party of Regions, including former Sumy Governor Volodymyr Shcherban, who was accused of election rigging, extortion, tax evasion and abuse of office.[90]
The Russian-language newspaper Segodnya, owned by Akhmetov, has drawn criticism for its alleged mandate favoring coverage of certain politicians and public figures, the journalists at the paper admitted.[91][92]
Reaction to the south-eastern conflict in Ukraine
Akhmetov has denied claims made by Pavel Gubarev (self-proclaimed “People’s Governor” of the Donetsk People’s Republic) in an interview published in the Russian state-controlled newspaper Rossiyskaya Gazeta on 12 May 2014.[93][94] According to Gubarev, Akhmetov has financed the separatist movement in the region, and that the separatists “all took money” from Akhmetov and others, saying that “As it turned out, two-thirds of the activists were supported by the oligarch Akhmetov”.[93] On 10 May 2014, Akhmetov’s Metinvest company announced it would be forming an unarmed militia of steelworker employees to stop looting by separatists and criminals in the city of Mariupol.[93][95] In a 19 May (2014) breaking news message on Ukrayina TV Akhmetov claimed the representative “of this Donetsk People’s Republic” were committing “genocide of Donbas“.[96] At his initiative the next day a so-called Peace March was held in the stadium Donbass Arena in Donetsk accompanied by cars beeping their horns at noon.[96] Akhmetov has vowed that “siren [will be] ringing every day at noon across all of Donbas until peace is established”.[96]
Akhmetov is helping the victims of the War in Donbas in South-Eastern Ukraine. As of March 2014 he had allocated UAH 35 million.[97][98] for this assistance. The Rinat Akhmetov Humanitarian Centre was established in August 2014 to provide maximum assistance to all civilians of Donetsk and Luhansk Regions affected by the military actions. The Centre has pooled resources of the Foundation and all SCM Group’s businesses and FC Shakhtar.[99] The activity of the Centre is dedicated to financial, humanitarian, medical and psychological assistance for the victims of the conflict in the South-Eastern Ukraine and evacuation from the hot spots in the East of Ukraine.[98][100]
In August 2014 Akhmetov’s Foundation for Development of Ukraine also started a new particular project called Humanitarian Aid Drives.[101] The purpose of this project is the regular delivery of food and children’s packages to Donbas. As of October 2016 over 10 million food packages were provided to IDPs and residents of 57 districts and settlements of Donetsk and Luhansk regions.[102] The package includes flour, sugar, cereals, oats, tinned foods, sunflower oil, stew, pasta, canned corn, gingerbreads and condensed milk.
Akhmetov also made numerous statements, since March 2014, appealing for integrity of Ukraine and finding peaceful solutions of the crisis.[96][103] He believes decentralization should be part of this peaceful solution.[103]
In March 2017 protesters attacked Akhmetov’s offices in Russian controlled areas.[104] Pro-Russian separatists in the Donbas region seized control of companies owned by energy conglomerate DTEK and steel company Metinvest both owned by Akhmetov. In addition, companies in the region controlled by the Luhansk People’s Republic (LPR) took control of several Akhmetov owned companies.[105]
Continued protests throughout 2017 have led to allegations of corruption and profiteering between Akhmetov and President Petro Poroshenko specifically over pricing for domestic coal suppliers and the buyout of DTEK debts by the government.[106]
Alleged coup involvement
In November 2021 Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky accused Akhmetov of being enlisted to help plan a coup against him by Russia.[107] Akhmetov has denied these claims calling the allegations “an absolute lie.” The allegations were the culmination of a dispute between Zelensky and Akhmetov as part of Zelensky anti-corruption clean-up efforts. Akhmetov is also a noted opponent of Zelensky, as his TV channels backed one of his opponents in the 2019 election has been increasing critical in coverage of Zelensky. Especially since the government failed to reimburse one of his energy company subsidiaries for green energy purchased by state companies.[108][109] Akhmetov says that he does not interfere with the channels’ editorial policy and that it’s the “guests who come to the channels” and not the channels themselves that criticize Zelensky.[110] In turn, Zelensky’s MPs have boycotted what they view as hostile media.[111]
Sports and patronage
Main article: FC Shakhtar DonetskAkhmetov with players of FC Shakhtar Donetsk
Following the October 1995 bombing assassination of former team president Akhat Bragin at the team’s stadium, Akhmetov (who had served as Bragin’s right-hand man and himself narrowly missed the attempt on his life),[112] subsequently inherited operation of the Shakhtar Donetsk football club. On 11 October 1996, Akhmetov was appointed president of the team[113] Rinat Akhmetov envisioned Shakhtar as a winner of European cups, so he began restructuring the club to achieve this goal. He changed the approach to the club management and transferred the operational management to the professionals.[114] Under his leadership, FC Shakhtar became the country’s champion thirteen times, won the Ukrainian Cup thirteen times, took the Ukrainian Super Cup nine times, and won the UEFA Europa League Cup for the first time in the history of Ukraine.[115][116]
In 2009, Donbas Arena stadium was built in Donetsk at Rinat Akhmetov’s initiative. It’s the first stadium in Eastern Europe that was designed and built to the elite UEFA standards; its capacity is over 50,000 people.[117] Donbas Arena was named the best stadium of Euro 2012.[118] It ranks among 25 best stadiums in the history of the Champions League.[119]
FC Shakhtar had to leave its home city of Donetsk due to the War in Donbas in Ukraine. Since the spring of 2014, its training base has been located in Kyiv. The team changed multiple home stadiums, moving to Lviv (Arena Lviv, 2014–2017), Kharkiv (Metalist, 2017–2020), and finally Kyiv (NSC Olimpiyskiy, since 2020).[120][121][122] Meanwhile, from August 2014 and until losing control of the stadium in 2017 the club’s home stadium Donbas Arena served as a centre of humanitarian aid in Donetsk.[123] Volunteers were unloading the food products, forming the individual sets and passing them to people in need there.[124] During the fighting the Donbas Arena was seriously damaged as a result of shelling several times, the humanitarian aid distribution was continued.[125]
In March 2017, a spokesperson for Akhmetov’s foundation reported that humanitarian aid had been discontinued in the region after rebel organizations blocked access to the Shakhtar FC stadium, which serves as a center for relief efforts in the area.[126]
Personal life
Rinat Akhmetov is married to Liliya Nikolaievna Smirnova (born 1965), and has two sons with her, Damir (born 1988) and Almir (born 1997).[9]
Akhmetov owns London’s most expensive penthouse at One Hyde Park, which was originally purchased for a reported $213 million as a portfolio investment and spent another reported $120 million to fix them up.[127] The information about the deal was disclosed only four years later, in April 2011, after the asset has shown a steady annual rise.[128][129][130] In May 2013, the property was transferred from his company, SCM, to himself.[131]
Philanthropy
Researcher Natalya Kolosova believes that Rinat Akhmetov is one of the first modern Ukrainian philanthropists who switched from spontaneous aid to a systematic approach.[132] Since 2006, Akhmetov has been among the leading philanthropists of Ukraine.[133] According to various sources, he is among the first in terms of the amount of funds allocated to charity.[134]
In 2005, on the initiative of Rinat Akhmetov, the SCM corporate charitable foundation Development of Ukraine was created (since 2018, the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation).[135] Main areas its activity: national health, family, targeted assistance, dynamic culture, modern education.[136][137] Since March 2008, the fund has been separated from the company and operates as a personal charitable foundation of Rinat Akhmetov, it maintains a partnership with SCM.[138][139] This Foundation is one of the most famous charitable organizations in Ukraine.[140][141]
During 2007–2013 there was the Foundation for Effective Governance founded by Rinat Akhmetov.[142] The organization was supporting the authorities and civil society institutions of Ukraine in the development of programs for the long-term economic development of the state.[143][144] During its work, the Foundation was preparing The Ukraine Competitiveness Report for the World Economic Forum[145] and created two clusters in Lviv (IT and woodworking).[146]
In August 2014, on the basis of the Foundation for Development of Ukraine, Rinat Akhmetov Humanitarian Center Pomozhem was created, which provides humanitarian assistance in the form of food packages, medicines, and psychological assistance to citizens. More than 800 thousand people received 12-kilogram packages every month. For three years, the Humanitarian Center saved more than 1,139,000 people from death, hunger and disease in eastern Ukraine and became the largest humanitarian mission in the country. More than 39 thousand people were evacuated from the combat zone by the resources of this organization. Since February 2017, the Humanitarian Center has been working only on the territory controlled by Ukraine.[147][148][149] In the Donetsk region, the Humanitarian Center is one of the most famous charitable organizations (2018).[140]
Starting from the year 2000, Rinat Akhmetov and his friend Igor Krutoy have been involved in a charity campaign on Saint Nicholas’ Day in Donetsk and Donetsk Oblast, visiting children deprived of parental care, orphans and children in hospitals.[150] In 2012, he donated $19 million to build an oncology research center.[151]
According to Akhmetov’s spokeswoman, Olena Dovzhenko, Akhmetov’ salary for being a member of Ukraine’s Verkhovna Rada (parliament) was traditionally deferred to charity.[152]
In March 2020, Rinat Akhmetov began to financially help in the fight against COVID-19. After meeting with the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky, he began to oversee a number of regions (Donetsk, Ivano-Frankivsk, Luhansk and Lviv Oblast) and individual cities (Kryvyi Rih).[153]
Controversies
Euromaidan
During the 2013–14 Euromaidan anti-government protests, Akhmetov became a target of protest as he was seen as a symbol of oppression. In December 2013 protesters picketed his residence in London on several occasions, urging him to cut ties with incumbent president Viktor Yanukovych.[154] In response, Akhmetov issued a statement condemning police brutality. On 31 December, Akhmetov reprimanded a group of protesters in public near his home in Donetsk.[155]
Following the Euromaidan Revolution and Donbas War, Akhmetov lost more than half of his wealth. His net value went down from $11.2 billion to $2.9 billion in 2017.[156] News reports suggest that much of his former wealth has been redistributed to Russian oligarchs.[157]
Disputes in the media
When dealing with public criticism and allegations concerning his past, Akhmetov has utilized a team of PR consultants and lawyers to protect his image and name. His team often contests reports on him that they consider to be libelous, scandalous, or inaccurate.[20] Critics accuse Akhmetov of going beyond protecting his name, but rather fear mongering investigative journalists.[20] As many court cases occur in London for its lax free speech laws, critics accuse Akhmetov and his legal team of abuse of libel tourism.[20] In January 2008, Akhmetov won a London libel court case “for damage to his reputation” for such claims,[23] while several other statements about his “criminal past” have been retracted by the media.
In a statement issued by Akhmetov’s lawyer Mark MacDougall, “Akhmetov has done a lot of work to protect his good name from false accusations, which might hurt the reputation of his family and business. As the result of it, many publications in Ukraine and other European countries had published retractions and apologies… [and] admitted that their claims are false. We think that these facts speak for themselves”.[23]
In 2007, the Kyiv Post, the primary English language daily newspaper in Ukraine, published an article relating to Mr. Akhmetov’s business transactions relating to the Dniproenergo thermoelectric generator and the Kryvorizhstal steel mill.[158] The newspaper published an apology stating that “on closer examination, we concluded these allegations[clarification needed] relating to Mr. Akhmetov were untrue and have no basis in fact.”[158]
In 2007, the German language Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung (“NZZ”) retracted defamatory statements from published earlier article regarding Mr. Akhmetov’s early business career in the 1990s, noting that “there is no connection between Akhmetov … and organized crime in Ukraine” and “[t]he economic success of Akhmetov is not based by any means on criminally acquired starting capital.”[24]
In 2008, a judgment was obtained from the High Court of Justice in London after Obozrevatel, a Ukrainian language Internet publication refused to retract false and libelous statements alleging that Mr. Akhmetov was connected to criminal activity and violence. The Obozrevatel reporter (Tetiana Chornovol)[159] interviewed his former classmates and neighbors, and delved into his early years.[20] Following court pressure Obozrevatel issued an official apology stating: “The editorial hereby admits that there was unchecked and false information about Rinat Akhmetov present in the … articles … We hereby give our apologies to Rinat Akhmetov for the problems resulted from the above-mentioned publications.”[160][161] Tetiana Chornovol refused to issue an apology or acknowledge any wrongdoing.[159]
The website GoLocalProv.com, based in Providence, Rhode Island, published in 2010 allegations that Akhmetov had ties to organized crime.[162] Subsequently, PolitiFact engaged in a review of the allegations on GoLocalProv’s site and disputed the sources on which they were based, stating that “key elements of the [GoLocalProv] story are false or unproven” and that the story presented “suspicions, suggestions, innuendo, and conspiracy theories” as fact.[162] The GoLocalProv articles and audio shortly after their publishing were removed from the site. The publisher, Josh Fenton, explained that they disappeared for “technical reasons” and the radio station which aired the interview containing the allegations refused comment.[20]
In 2010, the French daily newspaper Le Figaro issued a retraction of false allegations it published on 18 January 2010 regarding Rinat Akhmetov, due to a lack of evidence to support their claims, and issued an apology.[163][164][165] Le Figaro had claimed that Akhmetov was “a scandalous Ukrainian oligarch” and that he was “a bandit in the past”.[165]
In 2013, Akhmetov’s legal representatives issued a press release in response to accusations in the media, which cited politicians and journalists, that implicated Akhmetov in the 1996 murder of Donetsk-based Ukrainian oligarch Yevhen Shcherban. The official statement stated that they “have not found any proof suggesting that Akhmetov was involved in Scherban’s or other businessmen’s killings. To be honest, some of the businessmen killed in the 1990s were Mr. Akhmetov’s close friends.”[166]
Connection to Donald Trump’s 2016 campaign
In January 2019, Paul Manafort‘s lawyers submitted a filing to the court, in response to the Robert Mueller Special Counsel‘s accusation that Manafort had lied to investigators while supposedly co-operating with the investigation. Through an error in redacting, the document accidentally revealed that while Manafort was Donald Trump‘s campaign chairman, Manafort met with Konstantin Kilimnik, gave Kilimnik polling data related to Donald Trump’s 2016 United States Presidential campaign, and discussed a Ukraine-Russia peace plan for the Russo-Ukrainian War with Kilimnik. As a Russian Main Intelligence Directorate GRU agent, Konstantin Kilimnik is known member of Russia’s intelligence community.[167][a] Although most of the polling data was reportedly public, some was private Trump campaign polling data managed by Brad Parscale.[170][171][b] Manafort asked Kilimnik to pass the data to Ukrainians Serhiy Lyovochkin and Rinat Akhmetov.[172][173]
Awards
- Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise of the V class (2010)[174]
- Full Chevalier of Order of Merit: I class in 2006,[175] II class in 2004,[176] III class in 2002[177]
- Full Chevalier of the Miner’s Glory Medal
- Honoured Worker of fitness and sports of Ukraine (1999)[178]
- Award from President of Pakistan Sitara-e-Pakistan (2007) for merits to Pakistan[179]
- Donetsk Citizens Recognition Prize in 2008 (est. by Donetsk City Council), in the nomination “Caring for the future”[180][181]
- Honorary citizen of Donetsk (2006)[182]
See also
- Business oligarch
- Ukrainian oligarchs
- History of post-Soviet Russia: The “loans for shares” scheme and the rise of the “oligarchs”
- Viktor Pinchuk
- Leonid Kuchma
- FC Shakhtar Donetsk
- Donbass Arena
- Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (2019)
- 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election
- 2007 Ukrainian parliamentary election
Notes
- ^ Manafort has rejected questions about whether Kilimnik, with whom he consulted regularly, might be in league with Russian intelligence.[168] According to Yuri Shvets, Kilimnik previously worked for the GRU, and every bit of information about Kilimnik’s work with Manafort went directly to Russian intelligence.[169]
- ^ Eric Trump‘s wife, Lara (née Yunaska) Trump, was the liaison between Donald Trump’s 2016 presidential campaign headquarters in Trump Tower and Brad Parscale’s Giles-Parscale company.[170][171]
References
- ^ Kuzio, Taras (April 2005). “The Opposition’s Road to Success”. Journal of Democracy. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 16 (2): 124. doi:10.1353/jod.2005.0028. S2CID 144409734.
- ^ Eight Ukrainians make Forbes magazine’s list of world billionaires, Kyiv Post (2 February 2015)
- ^ “The World’s Billionaires – Rinat Akhmetov”. Forbes.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Van Zon, Hans (23 February 2007). “16 The Rise of Conglomerates in Ukraine: The Donetsk Case”. In Hogenboom, Barbara; Fernández Jilberto, Alex E (eds.). Big Business and Economic Development: Conglomerates and Economic Groups in Developing Countries and Transition Economies Under Globalisation. New York: Taylor & Francis. Routledge. p. 387. ISBN 978-0-415-41268-1. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ^ Akhmetov, Rinat (9 October 2010). “GoLocalProv: Akhmetov becomes hot issue in Rhode Island governor’s race – Oct. 09, 2010”. Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
- ^ Baxter, Kevin. “Ongoing conflict in Ukraine wreaks havoc on country’s Premier League”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
This report incorrectly stated that businessman Rinat Akhmetov has been “linked to organized crime.” Akhmetov has never been charged with any crime, and his representatives deny any connection.
- ^ “Libel Warriors – Feb. 11, 2011”. Kyiv Post. 10 February 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
Rhode Island journalists started checking into Akhmetov’s past and took particular note of the sensational 2005 remark about Akhmetov’s alleged “organized crime” ties made by Kornich. … Yet all the attempts by local journalists to find evidence of wrongdoing by Akhmetov led to nothing, not least because he has never been charged or convicted of any wrongdoing.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d “#39 Rinat Akhmetov”. Forbes. March 2012.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d “#127 Rinat Akhmetov”. Forbes. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ “Interfax.com”. Interfax. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
- ^ “Родовые корни Рината Ахметова”. ОстроВ. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ^ Ukraine:birth of a modern nation by Serhy Yekelchyk, Oxford University Press, USA, 2007, ISBN 978-0-19-530546-3 (page 204)
- ^ “Rinat Akhmetov with his parents”. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ^ Rich Company Forbes. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
- ^ “инат Ахметов: “Я не хочу умирать!” – Новости на Gazeta.ua”. Gazeta.ua. 23 August 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ Foundation for Development of Ukraine, 18 May 2007, Rinat Akhmetov Fights Against TB with Brother’s Disease in Memories. Archived 11 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ “Shakhtar offers its condolences”. FC Shakhtar Donetsk. 24 January 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b The World’s Billionaires – #214 Rinat Akhmetov, Forbes (3 August 2007)
- ^ “Ліга.Досье.Ахметов Ринат Леонидович”. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Lavrov, Vlad (11 February 2011). “Libel Warriors”. Kyiv Post. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d (in Russian)Ринат Леонидович, Информационно-аналитический центр “ЛІГА”
- ^ “Дарованный конь Украины – NEWS-UA :: Украинские новости”. 21 September 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f “OC Prosecutions Rarely Successful in Ukraine”. Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. 21 November 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
- ^ Jump up to:a b The Free Library.com, 21 June 2007, “Swiss newspaper issues retraction of false news report and apologizes to Rinat Akhmetov.”
- ^ Matoshko, Alexandra (21 July 2006). “Check out Ukraine’s best books”. Kyiv Post. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ Coura, Kalleo. “Chuteiras que valem ouro”. O misterioso dono da bola. Veja.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Wilson, Andrew (2005). Ukraine’s Orange Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 10–11. ISBN 0-300-11290-4.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Rachkevych, Mark (15 September 2011). “WikiLeaks: Nation’s businessmen tell tales on each other in chats with US ambassadors”. Kyiv Post. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
- ^ “Akhat Bragin”. Kyiv Post. 10 December 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ “Донгорбанк”. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ МВС України Головне управління по боротьбі з організованою злочинністю (PDF). 1999.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Grytsenko, Oksana (23 January 2012). “WikiLeaks: Regions Party partly composed of ‘criminals’”. Archived from the original on 24 January 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Ukraine:Information on steps taken by the Yushchenko government to address government corruption (February 2006), Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (13 March 2006)
- ^ Jump up to:a b c profil-ua.com (Профиль политики №23 (192), 11 June 2011, Геннадий Москаль: “На Ахметова в 2005–м ничего не было. Просто Ющенко понадобился спонсор”] Hennadiy Moskal: “We had nothing on Akhmetov in 2005. Yushchenko just needed a sponsor”
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Katchanovski, Ivan (14 November 2008). “The Orange Evolution? The “Orange Revolution” and Political Changes in Ukraine”. Post-Soviet Affairs. 24 (4): 364. doi:10.2747/1060-586X.24.4.351. S2CID 154469245.
- ^ Ames, Mark; Ari Berman (20 October 2008). “McCain’s Kremlin Ties”. The Nation. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Kuzio, Taras (1 July 2008). “Oligarchs wield power in Ukrainian politics”. Eurasia Daily Monitor. 5 (125).
- ^ Onyshkiv, Yuriy (25 February 2011). “Lutsenko: Tymoshenko ties get you arrested”. Kyiv Post. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ^ Finance.ua, 8 April 2009, Ахметов сконцентрировал 100% акций СКМ (Akhmetov has 100% ownership of SCM).
- ^ “Europe-Special report-Responsible business in Ukraine – From orange revolution to black economy”, By Toby Webb Archived 7 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Ethical Corporation, 11 December 2007.
- ^ System Capital Management, 22 January 2012, Key Financials.
- ^ “Subscribe to read”. Financial Times. 13 February 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
{{cite news}}
: Cite uses generic title (help) - ^ Ukraine Since the Orange Revolution:A Business and Investment Review by Marat Terterov, GMB Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1-84673-004-X (page 8)
- ^ Jump up to:a b Monopolies thrive as toothless state bows to moguls, Kyiv Post (18 March 2010)
- ^ Unian, 17 April 2009, СКМ стала первой в рейтинге “ГVардия социально ответственных компаний” (SCM is top of Gvardiya’s list of socially responsible companies).
- ^ System Capital Management, 20 April 2010, SCM Leads Corporate Social Responsibility in Ukraine (Ukrainian National Rating “Gvardiya”).
- ^ RBC-Ukraine Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 26 June 2008, Фонд “Развитие Украины” выделил 3,4 млн грн семьям погибших горняков на шахтах “Краснолиманская” и им. К.Маркса. (The “Development of Ukraine” foundation has allocated 3.4 million UAH to the bereaved families of miners of the Krasnolimanskayaa and Karla Marksa mines).
- ^ Liga.net, 26 June 2008, Благотворительный фонд Ахметова выделил 3,4 млн.грн. семьям погибших и пострадавшим горнякам(Akhmetov’s charitable fund has allocated 3.4 million UAH to the families of the dead and injured miners).
- ^ Cxid.info, 7 October 2009, Благотворительный фонд Рината Ахметова выделит 600 тыс. грн. семьям горняков, погибших на шахте “Дуванная” (Rinat Akhmetov’s foundation will allocate 600,000 UAH to the families of miners killed in the Duvannaya mine).
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Ukraine crisis: Oligarchs are Yanukovych’s weakest link”. BBC. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
Rinat Akhmetov, the main financial backer of the regime and a long-standing ally of President Viktor Yanukovych, was, until recently, a member of parliament. These privileges can yield substantial benefits.
- ^ “Rinat Akhmetov not ready to withdraw from Ukrainian jurisdiction: EADaily”. EADaily (in Russian). Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ “Prosecutors put hold on Akhmetov’s shares in Ukrtelecom, TriMob | KyivPost”. Kyiv Post. 14 April 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
- ^ “Court returns Akhmetov’s Ukrtelecom to state property, oligarch to appeal | KyivPost”. Kyiv Post. 20 October 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ Natalia Zinets, Alessandra Prentice (9 January 2018). “Dutch court orders freeze on Ukraine tycoon’s assets”. Reuters. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
- ^ “Cypriot Court Orders Freeze of $820 Million in Assets Held By Ukrainian Billionaire”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 5 January 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
- ^ “Court suspends renationalization of Ukrtelecom, still in hands of Akhmetov | KyivPost”. Kyiv Post. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
- ^ “Mariupol breathes dirtiest air in Ukraine thanks to 2 Akhmetov steel plants | KyivPost”. Kyiv Post. 7 September 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
- ^ Корреспондент.net (Korrespondent) Archived 27 November 2012 at WebCite, Рейтинг самых богатых украинцев 2006 (Richest Ukrainians list 2006).
- ^ Корреспондент.net (Korrespondent) Archived 27 November 2012 at WebCite, Рейтинг самых богатых украинцев 2007 (Richest Ukrainians list 2007).
- ^ Корреспондент.net (Korrespondent) Archived 27 November 2012 at WebCite, Рейтинг самых богатых украинцев 2008 (Richest Ukrainians list 2008).
- ^ Корреспондент.net (Korrespondent) Archived 27 November 2012 at WebCite, Рейтинг самых богатых украинцев 2009 (Richest Ukrainians list 2009).
- ^ Корреспондент.net (Korrespondent) Archived 1 July 2012 at WebCite, Рейтинг самых богатых украинцев 2010 (Richest Ukrainians list 2010).
- ^ Корреспондент.net (Korrespondent) Archived 27 November 2012 at WebCite, Рейтинг самых богатых украинцев 2011 (Richest Ukrainians list 2011).
- ^ Корреспондент.net (Korrespondent) Archived 10 January 2013 at WebCite, Рейтинг самых богатых украинцев 2012 (Richest Ukrainians list 2012).
- ^ Корреспондент.net (Korrespondent) Archived 13 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Рейтинг самых богатых украинцев 2013 (Richest Ukrainians list 2013).
- ^ “В тройке самых богатых украинцев по версии “Нового времени” — Ахметов, Боголюбов и Коломойский” [Among the three richest Ukrainians according to “New Time” — Akhmetov, Bogolyubov and Kolomoisky] (in Russian). 31 October 2014. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- ^ “100 найбагатших. Рейтинг Корреспондента” [100 richest. Korrespondent’s rating]. Korrespondent (in Ukrainian). 27 September 2019. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- ^ “100 Найбільш заможних. Рейтинг Корреспондента” [100 The richest. Korrespondent’s rating]. Korrespondent (in Ukrainian). 11 November 2020. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- ^ “ТОП-100 самых богатых украинцев. Рейтинг Корреспондента” [TOP-100 richest Ukrainians. Korrespondent’s Rating]. Korrespondent (in Russian). 28 October 2021. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- ^ “#451 Rinat Akhmetov”. Forbes. 13 February 2006.
- ^ “#214 Rinat Akhmetov”. Forbes. 8 March 2007.
- ^ “#127 Rinat Akhmetov”. Forbes. 5 March 2008.
- ^ “#397 Rinat Akhmetov -The World’s Billionaires 2009”. Forbes. 11 March 2009.
- ^ “#148 Rinat Akhmetov”. Forbes. 10 March 2010.
- ^ “Rinat Akhmetov”. Forbes. 19 January 2016.
- ^ “Rinat Akhmetov”. Forbes. 11 January 2017. Archived from the original on 11 March 2015.
- ^ “Ахметов за рік став вдвічі багатшим — Forbes” [Akhmetov became twice as rich in a year — Forbes] (in Ukrainian). 21 March 2017. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- ^ “У рейтингу мільярдерів Forbes 7 українців” [In the ranking of Forbes billionaires 7 Ukrainians]. BBC News Україна (in Ukrainian). 6 March 2018. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- ^ “У рейтинг Forbes потрапили сім українців” [Seven Ukrainians were included in the Forbes rating] (in Ukrainian). 5 March 2019. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- ^ “Шість українців увійшли до рейтингу мільярдерів Forbes: Ахметов за рік втратив 600 позицій” [Six Ukrainians were included in the ranking of Forbes billionaires: Akhmetov lost 600 positions in a year] (in Ukrainian). 8 April 2020. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- ^ “Ахметов відіграв позиції в глобальному рейтингу Forbes, але його статок в 23 рази менший, ніж у Безоса” [Akhmetov regains positions in Forbes global rankings, but his fortune is 23 times smaller than Bezos’s] (in Ukrainian). 6 April 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- ^ “Richest Man in Ukraine Climbs Back After Wealth Destroyed by War”. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
- ^ Myers, Steven Lee; Kramer, Andrew (31 July 2016). “How Paul Manafort Wielded Power in Ukraine Before Advising Donald Trump”. The New York Times. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Vogel, Kenneth P. (8 August 2016). “Manafort’s man in Kiev: The Trump campaign chairman’s closeness to a Russian Army-trained linguist turned Ukrainian political operative is raising questions, concerns”. Politico. Arlington County, Virginia. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^ Jump up to:a b (in Ukrainian) Янукович отримав контрольний пакет у парламенті, Ukrayinska Pravda (2 February 2011)
- ^ Rinat Akhmetov is the richest person of Ukraine by version of Focus magazine, Ukrainian Independent Information Agency (29 February 2008)
- ^ Корреспондент.net. (Korrespondent), 28 February 2011, Ефремов рассказал, почему Ахметов не ходит в Раду, и пообещал максимальную явку регионалов (Efremov explained why Akhmetov does not go to the Rada, and promised a maximum attendance by members of the Party of the Regions).
- ^ UNIAN, 1 March 2011, Yefremov “justified” absentee Akhmetov.
- ^ (in Ukrainian) Ахметов більше не піде в депутати (Akhmetov will not contest parliamentary elections), Ukrayinska Pravda (19 December 2011)
- ^ Kyiv Post, 19 January 2012, US cables show skepticism, warnings about Yanukovych.
- ^ Kyiv Post, 15 December 2011, Trouble brews at Akhmetov’s Segodnya daily, by Oksana Faryna.
- ^ Kyiv Post, 16 December 2011, Akhmetov: Segodnya newspaper must become stronger.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Kyiv Post, Billionaire Akhmetov denies claims that he finances separatism (UPDATE), 12 May 2014.
- ^ “Ахметов опроверг заявление самопровозглашенного губернатора Губарева о финансировании им протестного движения в Донецкой области”. Интерфакс-Украина. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ ЛIГАБiзнесIнформ (Liga Business Information)Заводы Ахметова создают дружины для защиты Мариуполя от мародеров [Akhmetov factories create squads to protect Mariupol from looters], 11 May 2014.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d Akhmetov called a strike at the enterprises in protest, Ukrainian Media Group (20 May 2014)
Ukrainian tycoon Rinat Akhmetov confronts rebellion, BBC News (20 May 2014)
Akhmetov’s “Peace March” in Donetsk took 20 minutes, Interfax-Ukraine (20 May 2014)
Businessman Akhmetov condemns ‘genocide of Donbas,’ calls for peaceful rally against ‘Donetsk People’s Republic’, Interfax-Ukraine (20 May 2014) - ^ “Фонд Ахметова организовал вывоз людей из горячих точек Донбасса”. Зеркало недели – Дзеркало тижня – Mirror Weekly. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “”Humanitarian center” — the line of action of Charitable Foundation”. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ “About us – Humanitarian center – Rinat Akhmetov Humanitarian Center”. fdu.org.ua. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ^ “Фонд Рината Ахметова эвакуирует семьи с Донбасса”. Archived from the original on 2 August 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ “Humanitarian aid drive”. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ^ “Humanitarian aid statistics – Humanitarian center – Rinat Akhmetov Humanitarian Center”. fdu.org.ua. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Akhmetov willing to do anything to stop war in Donbas – press secretary, Interfax-Ukraine (12 March 2014)
- ^ “Protesters attack Akhmetov’s office, Russia’s Alfa Bank | KyivPost”. Kyiv Post. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
- ^ “Ukraine rebels expropriate billionaire Akhmetov’s enterprises in Donbas | bne IntelliNews”. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
- ^ “Protesters in Kyiv call for Poroshenko’s resignation, blame him for obstructing key reforms | KyivPost”. Kyiv Post. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ “Ukraine’s Zelensky alleges Russia plotting coup against him for next week”. Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
- ^ “Ukraine’s president alleges coup attempt involving country’s richest man”. Politico. 27 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
- ^ “The President And The Tycoon: Could A Fight Between Ukraine’s Leader And Its Richest Man Lead To Real Change?”. Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
- ^ David L. Stern, Isabelle Khurshudyan (22 December 2021).